1,721,202 research outputs found
The voices of Ms. Magazine, 1972-1984
Get PDFIn 1972, the editors of Ms. magazine broke many of the ground rules for starting a national women’s magazine. Their staff was composed entirely of women; they rejected sexist advertising; they reserved a percentage of their profits for an educational fund; they set up a non-hierarchical office without managers and secretaries; and they aspired to become a “forum” for the untraditional ideals of the feminist cause. Yet, despite the editors’ bold efforts, few media scholars have attempted to follow the growth of Ms. magazine since its inception. This thesis was the first to examine the content of selected articles in Ms., analyze the messages communicated and compare them with events occurring in the feminist movement. More specifically, this study looked at Ms. Editors’ goal of becoming a “ forum” for feminism. Analysis focused on the people who were quoted in or wrote first-person stories for Ms., 1972-84. These people were termed the "voices" of Ms. magazine. Qualitative content analysis was used to find distinguishing characteristics of the voices presented. Particular attention was paid to the voices’ espousal of moderate or radical feminist ideals (or if they remained neutral). Additionally, the intensity (or degree of advocacy) of the voices’ ideals was noted, as was the editorial presentation of the voices (e.g., article length and use of attribution), the amount of editorial support or opposition given to voices, and if the voices were celebrities or those lesser-known for their devotion to feminism. Preliminary reading on the topics of magazine production, Women’s magazines, feminism and Ms. magazine led to three hypotheses: Ms. voices expressed more moderate and radical statements than neutral ones; Ms. voices expressed more moderate statements than radical ones; and Ms. developed a pattern of repeating many of the same voices, topics and editorial techniques over time. Support was found for the three hypotheses. Ms. voices were discovered to be predominantly moderate, sometimes radical and only rarely neutral. Additionally, definite patterns were found in the magazine over the years. Although article topics were not repeated as often as expected, it was found that the same voices and editorial techniques were often used. It was concluded that -Ms. editors remained cautious in their use of radical voices and the extent to which advocated they radical ideas. Yet, given the ideological changes in the feminist movement from 1972-84 and the fluctuations of the publishing industry during that time, it could still be said that Ms. did manage to retain most of its initial objective of serving as a feminist forum. The editors did not shift too far from their goal of uniting women readers trying to change traditional values. Suggestions to the editors, readers and future researchers of Ms. magazine were provided at the end of the thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 377-383)California State University, Northridge. Department of Journalism
The voices of Ms. Magazine, 1972-1984
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (pages 377-383)In 1972, the editors of Ms. magazine broke many of the\ud
ground rules for starting a national women???s magazine. Their staff\ud
was composed entirely of women; they rejected sexist advertising;\ud
they reserved a percentage of their profits for an educational fund;\ud
they set up a non-hierarchical office without managers and\ud
secretaries; and they aspired to become a ???forum??? for the\ud
untraditional ideals of the feminist cause.\ud
Yet, despite the editors??? bold efforts, few media scholars\ud
have attempted to follow the growth of Ms. magazine since its\ud
inception. This thesis was the first to examine the content of\ud
selected articles in Ms., analyze the messages communicated and\ud
compare them with events occurring in the feminist movement.\ud
More specifically, this study looked at Ms. Editors??? goal of\ud
becoming a ??? forum??? for feminism. Analysis focused on the people who \ud
were quoted in or wrote first-person stories for Ms., 1972-84.\ud
These people were termed the "voices" of Ms. magazine.\ud
Qualitative content analysis was used to find distinguishing\ud
characteristics of the voices presented. Particular attention was\ud
paid to the voices??? espousal of moderate or radical feminist ideals\ud
(or if they remained neutral). Additionally, the intensity (or\ud
degree of advocacy) of the voices??? ideals was noted, as was the\ud
editorial presentation of the voices (e.g., article length and use\ud
of attribution), the amount of editorial support or opposition given\ud
to voices, and if the voices were celebrities or those lesser-known\ud
for their devotion to feminism.\ud
Preliminary reading on the topics of magazine production,\ud
Women???s magazines, feminism and Ms. magazine led to three\ud
hypotheses: Ms. voices expressed more moderate and radical\ud
statements than neutral ones; Ms. voices expressed more moderate\ud
statements than radical ones; and Ms. developed a pattern of\ud
repeating many of the same voices, topics and editorial techniques\ud
over time.\ud
Support was found for the three hypotheses. Ms. voices were\ud
discovered to be predominantly moderate, sometimes radical and only\ud
rarely neutral. Additionally, definite patterns were found in the\ud
magazine over the years. Although article topics were not repeated\ud
as often as expected, it was found that the same voices and\ud
editorial techniques were often used.\ud
It was concluded that -Ms. editors remained cautious in their\ud
use of radical voices and the extent to which advocated they radical \ud
ideas. Yet, given the ideological changes in the feminist movement\ud
from 1972-84 and the fluctuations of the publishing industry during\ud
that time, it could still be said that Ms. did manage to retain most\ud
of its initial objective of serving as a feminist forum. The\ud
editors did not shift too far from their goal of uniting women\ud
readers trying to change traditional values.\ud
Suggestions to the editors, readers and future researchers\ud
of Ms. magazine were provided at the end of the thesis
Evaluating Highest Temperature Extremes in the Antarctic
No full textThe record high temperature for regions south of 60°S latitude is a balmy 19.8°C (67.6°F), recorded 30 January
1982 at a research station on Signy Island.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ANT-1245663)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant PLR-1543305
Radiative Effects of Stratospheric Seasonal Cycles in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Get PDFWater vapor and ozone are powerful radiative constituents in the tropical lower stratosphere, impacting the local heating budget and nonlocally forcing the troposphere below. Their near-tropopause seasonal cycle structures imply associated "radiative seasonal cycles" in heating rates that could affect the amplitude and phase of the local temperature seasonal cycle. Overlying stratospheric seasonal cycles of water vapor and ozone could also play a role in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere heat budgets through nonlocal propagation of radiation. Previous studies suggest that the tropical lower stratospheric ozone seasonal cycle radiatively amplifies the local temperature seasonal cycle by up to 35%, while water vapor is thought to have a damping effect an order of magnitude smaller. This study uses Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations and an offline radiative transfer model to examine ozone, water vapor, and temperature seasonal cycles and their radiative linkages in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Radiative sensitivities to ozone and water vapor vertical structures are explicitly calculated, which has not been previously done in a seasonal cycle context. Results show that the water vapor radiative seasonal cycle in the lower stratosphere is not sensitive to the overlying water vapor structure. In contrast, about one-third of ozone's radiative seasonal cycle amplitude at 85 hPa is associated with longwave emission above 85 hPa. Ozone's radiative effects are not spatially homogenous: for example, the Northern Hemisphere tropics have a seasonal cycle of radiative temperature adjustments with an amplitude 0.8 K larger than the Southern Hemisphere tropics. Keywords: Stratosphere; Tropopause; Ozone; Radiation budgets; Water vapor; Seasonal cycleNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant AGS-1461517)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (Grant NNX14AK83H
Historical Antarctic mean sea ice area, sea ice trends, and winds in CMIP5 simulations
No full textIn contrast to Arctic sea ice, average Antarctic sea ice area is not retreating but has slowly increased since satellite measurements began in 1979. While most climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive simulate a decrease in Antarctic sea ice area over the recent past, whether these models can be dismissed as being wrong depends on more than just the sign of change compared to observations. We show that internal sea ice variability is large in the Antarctic region, and both the observed and modeled trends may represent natural variations along with external forcing. While several models show a negative trend, only a few of them actually show a trend that is significant compared to their internal variability on the time scales of available observational data. Furthermore, the ability of the models to simulate the mean state of sea ice is also important. The representations of Antarctic sea ice in CMIP5 models have not improved compared to CMIP3 and show an unrealistic spread in the mean state that may influence future sea ice behavior. Finally, Antarctic climate and sea ice area will be affected not only by ocean and air temperature changes but also by changes in the winds. The majority of the CMIP5 models simulate a shift that is too weak compared to observations. Thus, this study identifies several foci for consideration in evaluating and improving the modeling of climate and climate change in the Antarctic region
Uncertainties in the evolution of stratospheric ozone and implications for recent temperature changes in the tropical lower stratosphere
Get PDFObservations from satellites and balloons suggest that ozone abundances have decreased in the tropical lower stratosphere since the late 1970s, but this long-term change is occurring in a region of large interannual variability. Three different ozone databases provide regression fits to the ozone observations, and are available for use in model studies of the influence of ozone changes on stratospheric and tropospheric temperatures. Differences between these ozone databases suggest that the estimated decreases of tropical lower stratospheric ozone in recent decades are uncertain by about a factor of two to three. The uncertainties in ozone decreases lead to similar uncertainties in cooling of the tropical lower stratosphere, a key area of focus in climate change studies
Centuries of thermal sea-level rise due to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases
No full textMitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases with short lifetimes (order of a year to decades) can contribute to limiting warming, but less attention has been paid to their impacts on longer-term sea-level rise. We show that short-lived greenhouse gases contribute to sea-level rise through thermal expansion (TSLR) over much longer time scales than their atmospheric lifetimes. For example, at least half of the TSLR due to increases in methane is expected to remain present for more than 200 y, even if anthropogenic emissions cease altogether, despite the 10-y atmospheric lifetime of this gas. Chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons have already been phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to concerns about ozone depletion and provide an illustration of how emission reductions avoid multiple centuries of future TSLR. We examine the “world avoided” by the Montreal Protocol by showing that if these gases had instead been eliminated in 2050, additional TSLR of up to about 14 cm would be expected in the 21st century, with continuing contributions lasting more than 500 y. Emissions of the hydrofluorocarbon substitutes in the next half-century would also contribute to centuries of future TSLR. Consideration of the time scales of reversibility of TSLR due to short-lived substances provides insights into physical processes: sea-level rise is often assumed to follow air temperature, but this assumption holds only for TSLR when temperatures are increasing. We present a more complete formulation that is accurate even when atmospheric temperatures are stable or decreasing due to reductions in short-lived gases or net radiative forcing
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Emerging local warming signals in observational data
Get PDFThe global average temperature of the Earth has increased, but year-to-year variability in local climates impedes the identification of clear changes in observations and human experience. For a signal to become obvious in data records or in a human lifetime it needs to be greater than the noise of variability and thereby lead to a significant shift in the distribution of temperature. We show that locations with the largest amount of warming may not display a clear shift in temperature distributions if the local variability is also large. Based on observational data only we demonstrate that large parts of the Earth have experienced a significant local shift towards warmer temperatures in the summer season, particularly at lower latitudes. We also show that these regions are similar to those that are found to be significant in standard detection methods, thus providing an approach to link locally significant changes more closely to impacts
- …
