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Het waterschap en de mythe van democratie in het Ancien Régime: het voorbeeld van de Vlaamse Kustvlakte in de Late Middeleeuwen en het Ancien Régime
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Waterbeheer in de Vlaamse kustvlakte in de Late Middeleeuwen en het Ancien Régime: van landschapsgeschiedenis naar ecologische geschiedenis
No full textThis article argues that changes in the historical landscape cannot be studied without a thorough knowledge of the economic and social structures of the area in question. Geographically, it deals with the Flemish coastal plain, and more specifically with Zeeland Flanders adjacent to the river Scheldt, which is studied from the medieval to the early modern period. From the thirteenth century on, this area was particularly troubled by disastrous inundations followed by the loss of land. These inundations cannot be explained by natural phenomena only. A defìcient water management needs to be taken into account as well. From the twelfth century on, water management was the task of specifìc institutions, the 'waterschappen'. Although often praised for the quality of their work, evidence seems to suggest that the water boards' officials were mainly driven by self-interest and not by the overall welfare of the area's inhabitants. This article however, is only a prolegomenon. More research has to be done to explain the evolution of the historical landscape. This is only possible when taking into account the social structuring of the area. In this way the history of the landscape turns into ecological history, concentrating on the multiple relations between man and nature
Landscapes or seascapes? The history of coastal environment in the North Sea area : a new state of the art
Full text linkUrban Fringes: Conquering Riversides and Lakeshores in the Nineteenth Century – Examples from Austrian and Swiss Medium-Sized Cities
No full textThe second half of the 19th century constitutes a very dynamic period of urban growth. In many cities the flood plains between the rivers or lakeshores and the historic city centre had been occupied by upper middle class bourgeoisie. Living near the water without a professional need can be seen as an attempt to integrate elements of ‘nature’ into the blueprint of a city. A free view on ‘nature’ (represented by the water) became fashionable both for residents and upper class tourists. However, bourgeoisie often had been quite careless in their search for ‘nature’ and was then hit by floods. In this paper, two examples are examined in detail: the Austrian city of Wels, situated by the Traun River, and the Swiss city of Lucerne, situated by Lake Lucerne (Vierwaldstättersee). The chapter asks, who were the human and non-human actors creating this absence of flood risk, and how important was the specifically urban context is for this development by looking at the discourse on urban planning and flood control. Furthermore, it is examined to what extent those floods served as further argument for better flood protection? Besides written sources, paintings and maps, a focus is also given to early photography representing this new way of urban living
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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