96 research outputs found
<Articles>Environmental Changes and "Environmental Problems" in Sarawak, Malaysia (Special Issue : The ENVIRONMENT as Seen in from Historical, Geographical and Archaeological Perspectives)
No full textボルネオ島北西部に位置するマレーシア・サラワク州では、二〇世紀を通じて大規模な環境改変が行われてきた。本稿では、二〇世紀前半〜半ばの小農によるゴムの植栽ブーム、一九六〇年代〜二〇世紀末の商業的木材伐採、一九九〇年代〜現在のプランテーションおよび商業植林という環境改変の歴史とその問題点を、土地利用・土地行政の観点から概観する。その上で、一九八○年代末から九〇年代初頭にかけて、サラワクの森林破壊が世界的なメディアによって紹介され、地球規模の環境問題として頻繁に取り上げられながらも、その後、現場レベルにおける土地問題が終息に向かわないまま、世界的な注目を失った背景について考察を行う。The purpose of this study is to outline the history of environmental changes in Sarawak, Malaysia, and to make clear the process in which the destruction of tropical rain forests was raised as a global environmental issue in the late 20th century and then became neglected afterwards. The state of Sarawak, which is located in northwest Borneo, has experienced large-scale environmental changes since the early 20th century; that is, (1) the boom in rubber planting on fallow lands by indigenous smallholders since 1905, (2) industrial extraction of timber trees in the primary forests since the 1960s, and (3) oil palm and acacia plantation development by the clearing of secondary and deteriorated forests since the 1990s. While the rubber planting by smallholders brought about few environmental problems, the timber and plantation industries have raised a variety of severe conflicts between indigenous smallholders and the government/developers. Most of the issues concerning these environmental changes can be attributed to land conflicts caused by complicated land and forest administration. In the late 1980s, however, when the forest degradation in Sarawak began to be known to all over the world due to the coverage of the international mass media, people recognized the problems in Sarawak as international political issues of environmental destruction which were closely related to global warming and the loss of biodiversity. In other words, there arose an epistemic gap regarding the problems on the ground and those at global level, and the struggle of indigenous peoples for land remained a local issue. It is true that international criticism of the Sarawak government resulted in the reduction of timber production in the latter half of the 1990s, and at the same time, the temporary enthusiasm of the international mass media regarding the destruction of rainforests in Sarawak began to ebb away. Actually, 'post-timber' land development projects such as oil palm plantations and acacia forestation have worsened the situation of indigenous peoples' lives through the imposition of more severe restrictions on use of their land, but these issues no longer attract the attention of the international mass media. Focus on the rainforest issues has shifted from the land conflicts at the ground level to the 'environmental politics' at the global level, but local issues in Sarawak have been neglected and forgotten without any resolution. This has been a tragic epistemic turn for indigenous peoples in Sarawak
Exploring Emptiness: An Investigation of MA and MU in My Sonic Composition Practice
No full textThe commentary investigates Japanese aesthetics of space, silence and emptiness - ma and mu - that informed my compositional practice during the research period 2012 - 2015. The portfolio comprises text compositions and sound installations in which forms of micro events and sustained events are employed. Throughout, the emphasis is on my personal engagement with, and manifestation of emptiness that concerns a particular model of listening and perception.
Chapter 1 discusses six primary research areas: ma and mu, material, text, form, listening and perception. Firstly, I introduce ma and mu by examining noh culture and Zeami's teaching of senu hima (where there is no-action) in the context of my personal approaches to music. The following subjects are then used to contextualise my PhD practice by means of examples from various composers and visual artists. Here, these particular and enigmatic concepts are explored through Japanese art as well as Western contemporary works by Alvin Lucier, Eliane Radigue and those of the Wandelweiser collective.
Part 2 provides contextual commentaries on selected compositions from the portfolio that mostly articulate my aesthetics in relation to the topics covered in Chapter 1. koso koso addresses my methodologies to investigate the essence of senu hima, followed by treow that discusses my approach to materials and the importance of space. I move on to grade two and grade two extended in order to examine text scores, and then, look into Espèces d'espaces 03 and 04 as examples of musical forms that I employ.
Finally, listening and perception are investigated through the compositions gnome and con.de.structuring. Throughout, I describe how my works explore emptiness as a result of my particular emphasis on listening over composing
Development Policy and Human Mobility in a Developing Country : Voting Strategy of the Iban in Sarawak, Malaysia
No full textこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。The purpose of this paper is to examine the interaction between the development policy of the Sarawak government and the indigenous people in rural areas, by observing the mobility of rural-urban migrants. Over the last decade or so, the Sarawak government has been promoting various kinds of development schemes in rural areas, and the indigenous people, who are politically and economically marginalized, seem to act in compliance with the government policy for the purpose of securing development funds. Some scholars have criticized this kind of passive compliance as a "subsidy syndrome." However, closer observation of the voting behavior of the indigenous people reveals that they strive to maximize their own interests, albeit within a limited range of choices. What is noteworthy is the important role played by rural-urban migrants in rural development. They frequently move back and forth between urban and rural areas, are leaders in the formation of opinion among rural residents, and help obtain development resources for their home villages. Examining the mobility of urban migrants during election periods is useful for reconsidering the dichotomy between development politics and the vulnerable agricultural community, and also urban-rural relations
Mover-oriented approach to understand rural-urban interaction:a case from Sarawak, Malaysia
No full textThis paper describes the entire picture of the mobility of indigenous people (the Iban) of Sarawak, Malaysia, between rural and urban areas, and tries to redefine the meaning of 'rural' and 'urban' for mobile people. While the Iban villages have been experiencing significant out-migration over the previous few decades, most of rural-to-urban migrants retain village 'membership' regardless of their current place of residence. Urban dwellers set up residential bases in both town and village, frequently moving between the two areas. This paper emphasizes that the Iban are stretching the notions of 'household' and 'village member' to secure and integrate multiple residences or multiple belonging. It can be said that individuals are endeavoring to integrate rural and urban lives by extending their living space across the two areas. Focusing on the movers who have embodied the integration of rural and urban space may aid in analyzing for clarifying rural-urban interactions. This mover-oriented focus would suggest a possible approach to reconsider the discontinuity between rural and urban studies
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