11,004 research outputs found
Nomada imbricata Smith 1854
No full textNomada imbricata Smith 1854 (ruficornis group) County records: Berrien, Calhoun, Clinton, Ingham, Iron, Kent, Livingston, Midland, Newaygo, Oceana, Van Buren, Washtenaw. Notes. Cleptoparasite of Andrena regularis (Miliczky & Osgood 1995). Nomada imbricata has been observed at nest sites of A. dunningi in Winnipeg, Manitoba (JG, pers. obs.) and at Ithaca, New York (JSA, pers. obs.).Published as part of Gibbs, Jason, Ascher, John S., Rightmyer, Molly G. & Isaacs, Rufus, 2017, The bees of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), with notes on distribution, taxonomy, pollination, and natural history, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4352 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4352.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/106385
Diagnostic and clinical value of routine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid specimens in the diagnosis of suspected infectious posterior uveitis
No full textReal-time quantitative RT-PCR identifies distinct c-RET, RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 expression patterns in papillary thyroid carcinoma
No full textRET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 are the markers for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Their reported prevalence varies broadly. Nonrearranged c-RET has also been detected in a variable proportion of papillary carcinomas. The published data suggest that a wide range in expression levels may contribute to the different frequency of c-RET and, particularly, of RET/PTC detection. However, quantitative expression analysis has never been systematically carried out. We have analyzed by real-time RT-PCR 25 papillary carcinoma and 12 normal thyroid samples for RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3 and for RET exons 10-11 and 12-13, which are adjacent to the rearrangement site. The variability in mRNA levels was marked and four carcinoma groups were identified: one lacking RET/ PTC rearrangement with balanced RET exon levels similar to those of the normal samples (7/25 cases, 28%), the second (6/25 cases, 24%) with balanced RET expression and very low levels of RET/PTC1, the third with unbalanced RET exons 10-11 and 12-13 expression, high RET/PTC1 levels but no RET/PTC3 (7/25 cases, 28%), and the fourth with unbalanced RET expression, high RET/PTC1 levels and low levels of RET/PTC3 (5/25 cases, 20%). Papillary carcinomas with high RET/PTC1 expression showed an association trend for large tumor size (P=0.063). Our results indicate that the variability in c-RET and RET/PTC mRNA levels contributes to the apparent inconsistencies in their reported detection rates and should be taken into account not only for diagnostic purposes but also to better understand the role of c-RET activation in thyroid tumorigenesi
Untitled (Principalities VIII)
No full textEdition of 20, 9 TI (JG), BAT, 3 AP (2 JG), 2 TP, CP (Tcs)white Arches(1) ochre (2) blac
Untitled (Principalities XI)
No full textEdition of 20, 9 TI (JG), BAT, 3 AP (2 JG), 1 TP, CP (Tcs)white Arches(1) red (2) blac
Oral History Interview with Josie Carter and Jaime Gays, May 6, 2011
No full textJosie Carter and Jaime Gays are drag performers and long-time friends. They discuss the "gay scene" in Milwaukee in the 1950s and 1960s, mentioning specific bars such as Castaways, the White Horse, the Mint, and others; drag pageants throughout the decades (Gays was crowned the first Miss Gay Milwaukee 1970-1971 and Miss Gay Wisconsin in 1976); police harassment; personal relationships; employment at various venues, including straight clubs; and family life.Brice Smith – BS
Josie Carter – JC
Jaime Gays – JG
BS: Let’s try to--okay. Can you please state your names?
(Screech)
JC: I’m Josie Carter.
JG: I’m Jaime Gays
JC: --and I was just starting to go in drag when I was about eighteen, but actually earlier than
that, outside bars, you know, at home, and on the street with my friends. Yeah we went out and
we just loved fooling people. That’s what it was, you know; I’m a girl, playing the game, and the
first gay bar I went into, actually, was, at that age, was the White Horse bar; it’s called the White
Horse. And it was, oh gosh, that time, gay life was like, taboo, period. All the bars was kind of
like dark. They didn’t put no lights up or nothing like that and the owner of the bar had a little
thing for me and I met a friend, Bill Coleman, who was very, very close to me after that. He
kind of like, watched over me, you know, because he knew how young I was; he found out how
young I was. Don’t let this old man take advantage of you. (laughs). He’s gonna wine you, dine
you, and you know, and take advantage of you.
JG: And you loved it—
JC: I learned a lot—
BS: Was this in the fifties?
JG: Yeah.
JC: Yeah. Fifties and early sixties--fifties, oh god, I was very young. I was out there and, not out
there. I was not a little slut-whore. I liked to have fun. Oh that Josie, oh she’s so wild, but I
wasn’t fucking everybody, you know. (laughs)
JG: I was.
JC: I wasn’t having sex with everybody. Yeah, you might have been. I was not, I could not, I
just—
JG: I was a slut.
JC: I just didn’t. (laughs). My thing, at that--
JG: (coughing)
JC: --time, I think, gay men, you know, I went out with straight dudes, whole bunch of them.
They were coming down bars and pick me up and my gay friends would get so upset. “What are
you on the South Side boys, the Polish boys, Italians?” That was just me at that time.
JG: (whispers) Slut. Slut.
JC: I started going out with another, Chuck, remember Chuck?
JG: Oh god yes.
JC: That was my very first _____(??)—
JG: --and Wayne?
JC: I told him, you know, I cared a lot. Beautiful blond, built like a brick shithouse, not a brick
out of place, and, I wasn’t in love with--I loved him but I wasn’t in love. And he got. It was a
possessive, and I’m not the type. I don’t like men too possessive of me. To a point, that’s like,
I’m going to smell your drawers. And he was very, very good to me. In the meantime, during
the situation, I met Wayne. But I went into the service when I was sixteen; my mother signing. I
went to the Navy. I made it through that. When I got out I met Wayne during that time. Wayne
was in the Air Force and quite, oh my god, if I could write a book we’d be here for three years
trying to get it together just talking about it, really. Other situations that we went through, you
know, tolerating straight men in other sections of the bar when you’re minding your own
business. When they want to come in and start stuff. We weren’t psyched to run. My old man,
he was not. He was a big guy. He was like 6’2” and blond Welsh. Oh he was something; you
didn’t mess with anyone, oh gosh. Look out. And when we got together--he helped me raise my
son. That’s another story; how I had a kid. I didn’t bear him (laughs) but somebody else did and,
we were together (??) forty-eight years, you know. It was a good life. Everybody has ups and
downs. We did that, you know, bullshit, crap, jealousy--not on my part. He was very, very
jealous.
JG: He was very protective.
JC: --Yeah, very protective.
BS: And when you started going out in drag, what bars did you go to?
JG: Oh god. I went to the Fox, Phoenix, Castaways, Suburban Beat, Da Pink Pony.
JC: The Pink Pony was a looooong time. That was way back in the fifties and sixties.
JG: Yeah.
JC: That was the Pink Pony, time of the White Horse as well.
JG: Yeah, and the Wagon, something.
JC: The Wagon Wheel, and a bar that--a lesbian bar that was crazy--was called the Wild Wood.
JG: Oh god, you are going back years. I forgot about that.
JC: You go in there, they had girls that would kick ass. (laughs). Truck drivers would come in
and they would throw the fucks out. (laughs)
JG: They were bull-dykes.
JC: They would kick their ass—
JG: Amazons, they were huge.
JC: And we were all like, “Is he bothering you? No? If you do you need to, get the hell out of
here.” (laughs)
JG: Oh, they were mean. They were Amazons. I mean they were huge.
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Not all of them. What was her name?-- (unintelligible)
JG: (unintelligible)
JC: Ooh, you just—
JG: Sandy—
JC: --Then, the day was like--we’re butch. You want butch? They were butch.
JG: Butch. Oh god.
JC: And you did not F with them. Believe you me.
JG: No, you would get--you would not mess with them at all.
JC: Your ass kicked.
BS: But were they nice to you?
(Both speak at the same time)
JC & JG: Oh god yes
JC: We were very close.
JG: They loved drag queens.
JC: We all got along beautifully. I mean, I ran around mostly with a lot of girls.
JG: I got along with girls.
JC: Oh man always got along with girls, Sandy ____(??) wanted to marry me. And we would do
our own thing. We were so close; we were very, very tight.
JG: We were very close with the girls. With all the lesbians, yeah.
JC: In the day, I don’t know what happened to someways, some of the girls, are like this; they
broke up. We partied like crazy, Lola, Donna, Steve. Steve, oohhh. See, I have a friend, Bernie
Rodgers, to this day; she’s married to a girl, and the kid that the girl had, does not know that
Bernie is a dude. She still thinks--you see Ber--, “brrrrr” deep voice, like girl--very, very butch,
you would not, know it. Bernie was always heavy duty, metal, you would never, ever, ever
know it. And we always been tight, and I always ran around with--my thing, me and girls
always got--we were tight, always, always, partying. Lola’s my favorite dancing partner.
(Both speak at the same time)
JG: Oh yeah.
JC: She was a Puerto Rican or Hispanic?
JG: She was ahh—
JC: --Mexican—
JG: Oh, Mexican.
JC: --And we’d get out there, we’d tear the floor up. Now she was the effeminate part of the
relationship with her, and a Donna and a few others, you know.
JG: But a heart of gold.
JC: Oh god. Nancy Nallinger, all of them. Now I think she works for Miller Brewers; I think
she might still be there, god know.
JG: God knows.
JC: But we, going back, you know, a ways, in the days, the gay history, you had to worry about
your jobs and stuff. I really gave a shit, because I did my own thing. If you knew, you knew; if
you don’t, time out. But a lot of people here had very high ___(??) jobs, and then, you know,
you’ll get fired right away. Well today, you don’t do that.
JG: Yeah, they don’t.
JC: So we came a long ways with days, mutton crab with nice concrete(??) But a lot of young
gays now, they just, they don’t realize what it was like, then. Oh my god, we had to put on three
pieces of men’s clothing in order to put drags on. We had to hide, whatever we did, and, I would,
drag thing--. We didn’t buy nothing off the rack. We made our own clothes, drag clothes.
Hairstyles, two wigs tacked on top of the other (laughs). Oh it wasn’t—
JG: Oh sometimes they put newspaper to make them higher.
JC: A lot of hair. Hell a lot of hair. Lot of hair and I just can’t handle this. I was more louder
with mine. “Oh I got a hairdo?” Up there, whoever did it’s just gorgeous-huge. I should have
had--I needed something to hold my head up.
JG: Whoever did your hair, it was gorgeous.
JC: Gorgeous.
JG: I mean, it took two or three hours just to make your curls.
JC: unh-uh.
JG: Perfect.
BS: And was this for shows or just going out?
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Yeah, just for competition.
JG: Yeah, just to go out—
JC: --When we down, for the competition, the factory. And no-no(??) they call her took first, I
took, she took first--
JG: Yeah it was the factory—
JC: I was runner-up.
(Both speak at the same time)
JG: Oh yeah, it was, uh, Gary Whoo—
JC: --Oh My husband had a fit, Gary Clayke
JG: Gary Clayke.
BS: (barely audible) Did you know about that?
JC: (whistles). I think I gave you pictures of that.
JG: Uhh. I got it.
JC: That was at the factory.
BS: Yeah.
JC: But you know when a first the show started, they started in the bars and all of a sudden they
graduated to the hotels—
JG: Hotels.
JC: --like that—
JG: Like uh, the first, because I was always in charge of the pageants. The first was started in
the--
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Center Stage.
JG: --Center Stage and then it graduated from there to the Pfister.
BS: (laughs) Appropriately named.
JG: And then to the Mark Plaza.
JC: Mark Plaza yes--
JG: And the performing arts center.
BS: And how was it that you came to be in charge of putting on the pageants?
JG: Because I was the first Miss Gay Milwaukee.
JC: Yeah, Miss, male and Jerry(??) and Ron. It was Ron that--he ran the, uh, security, you and
Tony Yohono(??). Security and stuff like that.
JG: Yeah, I was in charge of security, lighting, setting up, tearing down, everything. I was there
from five o’clock in the morning until nine o’clock at night or to bar that just closed, until the
next morning.
BS: And were the, were the girls all from Milwaukee?
JG: Oh, yeah.
JC: Yeah. And most of them, but some came from out of town.
JG: Some came from Madison—
JC: From there.
JG: --Racine, Kenosha—
JC: That’s when we first started doing most of them. They were coming from everywhere.
Chicago had a lot of that going at the Picks(??). You go there for competition too.
JG: Our first show we ever had for the Entertainers’ Club before we became the pageant was at
the Neptune, and I’ve got pictures of it here.
JC: Oh the Neptune. Oh my gosh.
JG: Yeah. I brought all the pictures that I found. I went from my closet today, looking for
everything.
JC: And first _______(??) got out it was like--they used to have little bar things. I watched, some
of those. It was always something. Each bar would do something; would have a little drag
show—
(Both speak at the same time)
JG: Yeah, then we all compete at the end together.
JC: We all compete at the end. I won Miss, what—
JG: Yeah you did.
JC: That was when, um, Michigan--was it Fifth and Michigan? The Royal Hotel—
JG: Hotel. Yeah.
JC: used to be there—
JG: On Fifth and Michigan, yeah,
JC: And the bar was there—
JG: It was called, uh, Michelle’s cho--, Michelle’s five-forty—
JC: Michelle, she had a ___(??), it was called a stud bar—
JG: Yeah, a stud bar. Yeah. Until she passed away.
JC: Did Michelle have it there? Was that where she got beat up? Upstairs of her own hotel?
JG: No, she got beat up—She died in St Louis of AIDS.
JC: Royal Hotel used to be, one of the hotels a lot people went on a cruise at, that, “the
Wisconsin” (laughs)
JG: I miss that place.
BS: What was the Wisconsin?
JG: Oh wow.
JC: The old Wisconsin Hotel.
JG: With all the sailors honey?
JC: Oh my goodness.
JG: Oh god it makes my nipples hard just thinking about it.
(laughter)
JG: I never turned so many tricks in my life.
(laughter)
JC: Thank god I was a good girl.
JG: I wasn’t.
BS: So what kinds of people came to the shows?
(Both speak at the same time)
JG: Oh god yes.
JC: Everybody.
JG: Everybody, straight, gay, whatever. Nobody really cared; they come by. I remember my first
show I ever did was at the old Fox Bar.
JC: Oh my gosh.
JG: With ____(??), no no, ________(??)
JC: ____(??) was the one that owned—
JG: Seaway Inn
JC: Seaway Inn.
JG: Yeah. And new Jaime’s. Remember he named it right after me?
BS: Someone named a bar after you?
JG: Yeah, it was called New Jaime’s.
BS: Wow.
JC: She married him with the TV diners. (laughs)
JG: I did. I’m not a cook. (laughs). No, I married him and, no, I’m a lousy cook. I’m the first
one to tell you. Fuck it, order out. (laughs)
JC: ______(??), when we would get--I never bought dresses. (coughing) He made all my gowns,
all my gowns, everyone. I never had anything, as a matter of fact; she got one not half a year’s,
then cut down shit; she’s not giving it back—
JG: I told you you’re not getting it back!
JC: It was a green lemay, it’s a stretch, ____(??) on the bottom (slurping sound), you know,
(laughs)
JG: You don’t even have to use a gaff honey. Hold tight, because I used to hate gaffs. You gotta
put your balls up there and everything, oh shit.
JC: But you know—
JG: You put this gown--it was fabulous (laughs)
JC: Years ago, the ____(??) it was like--the drag shows, it was like war, Broadway—
JG: Competition.
JC: I mean, you know, they were way, way out. Some of these girls, they would spend a year,
once the competition was over, the next day they started making the gown for the following year.
JG: mm-hm
JC: Me, I changed my mind in a minute, you know. Make a gown design, I don’t think I’m
going to like that, if I had it made, then I would be stuck with it, but the queens, they put a lot of
money in the gown—
JG: Oh god
JC: Beads(??), rhinestones, oh, miss _____(??). They almost put that bitch(??) on stage on a
crane, because she was all those rhinestones, remember, hea-vy. (laughs)
BS: And were there cash prizes when?
JG: Not very much
JC: There wasn’t much.
JG: About a thousand dollars.
JC: That was why they didn’t like doing shows here. They weren’t appreciate--the owners
sometimes would give them money, but you know, if you’re going to do it you’ve got to be on
the road doing it and my old man would not be having that. We go down there, we get a little
_____(??), and a tip and stuff, great—
JG: Yeah, not much.
JC: but then you realize how much those queens pay for some of them outfits/gowns, that they
just enjoy doing it too, you know. A lot/most of them had jobs, and they just enjoyed, you know,
making their gowns doing--male(??) and Jerry, I’ll just say it, you know Kim Novak, quite a few.
JG: My mom made all my gowns, for me.
JC: Sure did.
JG: Yeah.
BS: And what did you do with your gowns once?—
JG: I gave them away.
BS: Yeah, to who?
JG: Friends, drag queens, “Here, take it. I’m never going to wear it again.” Those days are gone.
JC: I got Jerry(??) , there’s one gown that I kept—
JG: I kept one.
JC: that she wants me to--that she wants. “Oh, if you die.” I said, “What do you mean, I’m
throwing it in(??) all of your faces.” (laughs)
JG: I want that gown. I’m going to get it.
JC: It’s pink with a height overlay; it’s a hot-pink, Marilyn Monroe style—
JG: No, she won’t let me have it; she’ll get buried in it. That’s sure.
JC: And feathers, ostrich feathers. It’s hanging in there honey—
JG: Just like my pussy, ostrich feathers down there. Next. (laughs)
JC: It had a poncho top (makes noise). Just pull it off. Oh it’s great.
JG: But you know I really never really wanted to compete. My husbands, my husbands, more
than one, forced me into it—
JC: you said plural(??)
BS: How come?
JG: You had to compete, single(??) Otto Schuler, Otto Fenso(??). Oh god I could go on. I’ve
been married, shit, eleven times, and I buried five of them.
JC: TV diners.
JG: And I had one in prison one time. (laughs)
JC: TV Diners. (laughs). She worked so hard for twelve dinners for one meal. (laughs)
JG: No I did.
JC: I’m serious.
JG: People wanted to come over for dinner and I said, “What do we have? It’s Easter Sunday. Go
buy some TV dinners.” Oh yeah, so I cooked them all, I scooped them out of the aluminum
thing and I put them in plates. They never knew the difference. (laughs)
JC: My old man he never really wanted me to compete. The only, when he really got upset was,
remember the gay shows on the road was called—and they wanted me to go on the road, but
when I said “going on the road,” that did it, ‘cause he couldn’t go with me. They do not want a
lover going with, because if you go on the road, you’re entertaining and you talk to other people
in the bars, not having sex or anything but you know, doing stuff. My old man was not having.
(Talking in the background. Fourth person?)
(cigarette lighting)
JC: Once upon a time I was going to do a sex change. I had taken the shots, oh no no, I have
enough problems with you; I got you all in one package. No!
JG: No. I was a stripper, at the Ad-lims(??) for eight years—
JC: Oh yeah.
JG: Eight years. And nobody knew that I was a guy.
JC: They would have broke my legs if I’d had went up there. They tried to do it in the bar—
JG: I liked it when, during the Vietnam War, when the guys would throw their dogtags up on the
stage. I’d charge them a dollar to get it back, then I’d rub it in my pussy at the end. If they only
knew that I was a guy.
(laughter)
JG: They would have killed me.
BS: And did you ever think about using hormones or getting any surgery?
JG: I thought—
JC: She did hormones—
JG: I have hormones, yeah—
JC: She had--did it for a while—
JG: Yeah. And I decided I was going to go for the sex change, and you remember Rosy?
JC: Yeah?
JG: My sugar momma. Who gave me anything I wanted.
JC: Anything you wanted.
JG: And she says, “Jaime you going to go through it?” And I said “No, I don’t think I’m going
to cut off little Charlie.” I said no no no, because they’d show me films of the surgery; oh no,
I’m not going through all that.
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Someone took that for me, I had one(??)
JG: There’s a little thing you have to put in there and twist. I said no no.
BS: Was Rosy a lesbian?
JG: No, she was straight. She was my sugar ma. She loved me. I mean she still—
JC: We always, ran into something like that. There were a lot of women, who really liked us for,
you know, what they call fag-hags I guess. But a lot of them just loved us for us, you know, give
you anything you want, you know, and stuff like that, but I never went to bed with them. We was
just friends you know. There’s no way I could to bed with her because, and most it was like, a
little elderier than you, and they like to have fun. Uh, Jane--
BS: They weren’t threatened?
JC: --she--I just loved her. She passed; she broke my heart. We used to go to the games together.
She’d have tickets to the Brewers’ game, you know. She knew a lot of those guys, and we’d go
out to dinner and we did shows and I’d dress up in drag, husband and I, so they were having a
thing at the Marc Plaza—
JG: Yeah.
JC: And she--one way to escort her, because she didn’t have an escort, so yeah, take him out,
take him out, take (??) “Uh meet me downtown.” I said, “No, I’m staying
home. Come back here. I’m not going to meet him downtown anyways”. And it was great. She
was the sweetest thing you want to meet, and she never made a move on me; she just loved me,
like I loved her. She used to go out with Jimmy Wolf though, Jimmy Wolfgood(??). She said
“The best thing you ever done was introduce me to Joe.” She dropped him like a hot potato you
know. Like he was burning her hand, but—
BS: And where did you get the hormones?
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Doctors.
JG: Oh, doctors. I got mine in Chicago.
JC: Mine was here. Dr. Sanders, I never ____(??) it.
BS: Did you have a prescription before you got the hormones?
(Both speak at the same time)
JC & JG: No.
BS: Did you just know the doctors?
JG: I didn’t even know the doctor. One time I went to Chicago—
JC: It was good money for them, you know,
JG: Yeah. I went to Chicago, because all these girls are having their big tits and everything, and
I went there, and I’m looking at this doctor, and he was injecting these girls, (??) Chanel—
JC: Nick de Chanel(??) Um, one was like Angela Lanceberry(??).
(Both speak at the same time)
JC & JG: Ricky Renee.
BS: And did you know them from?—
(Both speak at the same time)
JC: Oh I knew them from—
JG: Shows and everything else.
JC: Years and many, many years.
JG: Yeah, for years.
JC: The only thing I didn’t like about competing, then, was--all right, we didn’t have the shots
like that—
JG: They did—
JC: and the big old titties. And they can go out there with all this. That’s not a fair competition,
even if they, they gonna compete with women—
JG: Thank you.
JC: Well, we can get a little cleavage up here. They just lay the shit out there, even if they win or
not. But it was like--then it’s not fair competition.
JG: But I went to Chicago, with Micky(??) Chanel and Ricky Renee, and I, I’m not the brightest
person in the world. But I look, and see what the hell is going on. And when I seen this doctor,
inject one in there, and one in there and not even change the needle, and go to the next person, I
said “No, you’re not touching me.” And some--not only that--he was using industrial silicone,
and that’s what I found out, and when Ricky Renee got her--her tits were all black.
JC: Well, uh—
JG: And Micky Chanel lost her hips.
JC: Wait a minute, was that Chanel, ___ (??) lost her top, and had to go have it
scrapped out and do it all over again
Population differences in immune responses to Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination in infancy.
No full textBacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces a marked increase in the interferon (IFN)-gamma response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative (Mtb PPD) in UK adolescents, but not in Malawian adolescents. We hypothesized that Mtb PPD-induced IFN-gamma after BCG vaccination would be similar in infants from these 2 countries. Infants were vaccinated with BCG during the first 3-13 weeks of life. Three months after BCG vaccination, 51 (100%) of 51 UK infants had an IFN-gamma response to Mtb PPD, compared to 41 (53%) of 78 of Malawian infants, in whom responses varied according to their season of birth. We conclude that population differences in immune responses after BCG vaccination are observed among infants, as well as among young adults
Neurotransmitter modulation of extracellular H+ fluxes from isolated retinal horizontal cells of the skate
No full textSelf-referencing H+-selective microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular H+ fluxes from horizontal cells isolated from the skate retina. A standing H+ flux was detected from quiescent cells, indicating a higher concentration of free hydrogen ions near the extracellular surface of the cell as compared to the surrounding solution. The standing H+ flux was reduced by removal of extracellular sodium or application of 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA), suggesting activity of a Na+–H+ exchanger. Glutamate decreased H+ flux, lowering the concentration of free hydrogen ions around the cell. AMPA/kainate receptor agonists mimicked the response, and the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) eliminated the effects of glutamate and kainate. Metabotropic glutamate agonists were without effect. Glutamate-induced alterations in H+ flux required extracellular calcium, and were abolished when cells were bathed in an alkaline Ringer solution. Increasing intracellular calcium by photolysis of the caged calcium compound NP-EGTA also altered extracellular H+ flux. Immunocytochemical localization of the plasmalemma Ca2+–H+-ATPase (PMCA pump) revealed intense labelling within the outer plexiform layer and on isolated horizontal cells. Our results suggest that glutamate modulation of H+ flux arises from calcium entry into cells with subsequent activation of the plasmalemma Ca2+–H+-ATPase. These neurotransmitter-induced changes in extracellular pH have the potential to play a modulatory role in synaptic processing in the outer retina. However, our findings argue against the hypothesis that hydrogen ions released by horizontal cells normally act as the inhibitory feedback neurotransmitter onto photoreceptor synaptic terminals to create the surround portion of the centre-surround receptive fields of retinal neuron
Andrena (Melandrena) hilaris Smith 1853
No full textAndrena (Melandrena) hilaris Smith 1853 County records: Allegan, Livingston, Midland, St. Joseph, Van Buren. Notes. Andrena hilaris was first recorded from Michigan by Mitchell (1960). No specimens from Michigan or neighboring states were examined by Bouseman & LaBerge (1978) and they refer to it as a relatively rare, southeastern species. Four male Dreisbach specimens identified as A. hilaris were found at MSUC, but upon examination by JG were found to be A. nivalis. Andrena hilaris does occur in Michigan, based on three male specimens collected from a single site in Allegan County (Tuell et al. 2009).Published as part of Gibbs, Jason, Ascher, John S., Rightmyer, Molly G. & Isaacs, Rufus, 2017, The bees of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), with notes on distribution, taxonomy, pollination, and natural history, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4352 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4352.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/106385
Antibacterial activity of dentine and pulp extracellular matrix extracts
No full textSmith JG, Smith AJ, Shelton RM, Cooper PR. Antibacterial activity of dentine and pulp extracellular matrix extracts. International Endodontic Journal ABSTRACT: Aim To determine whether extracellular matrix (ECM) preparations from pulp (pECM) and dentine (dECM) possess antimicrobial activity. Methodology Dentine and pulp ECM preparations were isolated with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pH 7.2 and sequential use of 0.5 mol L(-1) NaCl, pH 11.7 and 0.1 mol L(-1) tartaric acid, pH 2.0, respectively, with protease inhibitor inclusion throughout. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis and Enterococcus faecalis was assessed using turbidity as a measure of bacteria growth. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on primary pulp cells was also determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Statistical analysis of data was performed using paired student's t-tests. Results Extracellular matrix extracts from the pulp and dentine showed antibacterial activity against three types of anaerobic bacteria associated with dental disease (P
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