1,720,980 research outputs found
Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Functional Counterfactual Thinking
Get PDFAnxiety and depression are mental disorders that are common in the United States that share one common symptom: rumination. While one may traditionally associate rumination with negative affect, some forms of rumination can have positive benefits. For example, counterfactual thinking is one type of rumination that can strengthen behavioral intentions and improve performance on subsequent tasks. In particular, functional counterfactuals enhance self-regulatory success by eliciting thoughts about better alternatives to past events and transforming these thoughts into plans for future action (Epstude & Roese, 2008). However, there is insufficient research on how anxiety and depression affects functional counterfactual thinking. The current research examines the effect of anxiety and depression on functional counterfactual thinking by examining how different judgment tasks influence participants’ activation of behavioral intentions. Participants completed both anxiety and depression measures to determine whether these conditions hinder facilitation of intentions following counterfactual thinking. We found a pattern of facilitation by counterfactual relative to control judgments that varied as a function of the type of action. When the action focused on a behavior, counterfactuals produced faster behavioral intention judgments relative to control. However, when the action was focused on a trait, counterfactuals did not facilitate behavioral intentions relative to control. Neither depression nor anxiety scores influenced this facilitation pattern
The Effects of Counterfactual Thinking on Attitudes and Intentions Toward ADHD Medication Use
Get PDFADHD medication, known by many students as the ���study drug,��� has recently increased in popularity. Students and athletes take these medications to increase alertness and concentration, but these individuals may not realize the consequences of taking ADHD medication. More research is needed to determine effective ways to dissuade students from using ADHD medication inappropriately. One possible means of influencing attitudes toward ADHD medication use may be counterfactual thinking. Counterfactual thoughts are mental representations of alternatives to past occurrences (Roese, 1997; Smallman & Roese, 2009). The current study investigates how generating counterfactuals influences behavioral intentions and attitudes towards ADHD medications. In this study, participants first read a scenario in which they imagined themselves taking a non-prescribed ADHD medication as a study aid, which elicited either a positive or a negative outcome. Afterward, some participants were asked to imagine how the event might have turned out differently and to list counterfactual thoughts. Finally, all participants completed self-report measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions related to ADHD medication use. The results indicate that, regardless of whether the scenario included a positive or negative outcome, generating counterfactual statements led to more positive attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions towards future ADHD medication use. In addition, in the negative scenario, positive attitudes were correlated with the use of third person pronouns in their counterfactual statements while in the positive scenario, positive attitudes were correlated with the use of first person pronouns in their counterfactual statements. These results suggest that generating counterfactual thoughts related to ADHD medication use leads to more positive opinions about it, but perceived closeness may also be an important factor to consider
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Mitigating Schedule Overruns Caused by Misinterpretation
Get PDFMany large-scale, complex engineering systems experience significant cost and schedule overruns during their developments. There are many factors that contribute to these overruns, including increased system complexity, task rework, and the inability to exhaustively test all states and configurations of a given system, which often leads to redesign efforts. In this work, we focus specifically on task rework and its impact on project schedule overruns. We demonstrate that heavier tail phenomena present in large-scale program development duration can be caused by task rework. Within this context, we hypothesize one cause of task rework in a project development effort. We develop a computational framework for estimating the information content of a set of task instructions and the expected time to task completion. We then compare the computational results to experimental data collected for the same set of instructions to validate the model for constructing a paper airplane. This reveals that heavier tailed duration phenomena present in many large-scale project development efforts can arise due to task rework caused by misinterpretation
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