323,163 research outputs found
Situational Theories
No full textThis chapter examines historical and current developments in situational approaches to sexual offending. We consider the implications of situational theories for clinical and risk management responses to known sexual offenders, and more widely for the prevention of sexual offending. We conclude that situational factors are a theoretically and practically crucial, but widely neglected, aspect of sexual offending. In our view, neither dispositional nor situational factors alone are sufficient to explain sexual offending. Rather, sexual offences always occur as a result of proximal interactions between individual and situational factors.No Full Tex
Editor
No full textIn 2015 the National Organisation for the Treatment of Abusers (NOTA) established a prevention sub-committee, chaired by Jon Brown. NOTA has, of course, always been concerned with the prevention of sexual violence and abuse. However the establishment of the prevention sub-committee signals an important new direction for NOTA by expanding its conception of, and involvement in, prevention activities beyond its historical focus on therapeutic and risk management responses with known sexual offenders. My aim in this Editorial is to consider the implications of this development for the Journal, by way of outlining the kinds of research I think are needed to inform an expanded prevention agenda. My suggestions are by no means exhaustive, and I acknowledge that others may have different priorities and emphases.No Full Tex
An integrated life-course developmental theory of sexual offending
No full textWhere sexual offending is considered at all in developmental and life-course criminology (DLC) theories, it is generally understood to occupy a position at more serious end of a continuum of irresponsible, socially deviant, or unlawful behavior. Thus DLC theories explicitly or implicitly assume that the same concepts and principles that apply to all other forms of offending apply equally to sexual offending. This chapter presents an integrated theory of sexual offending that incorporates ideas from DLC approaches. It briefly addresses each of the 10 points listed by David Farrington as the key empirically confirmed developmental dimensions of offending and antisocial behavior. The chapter's aim is to present an integrated theory of sexual offending that considers the contribution of individual, ecological, and situational factors. The theory proposed here is a new iteration of a model originally proposed by Marshall and Barbaree and later revised and extended by Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley.Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeNo Full Tex
Themed issue on sexual abuse in organisations: invited introduction and commentary
No full textTwenty five years ago, US criminologist Lawrence Sherman wryly asked: “If future crime is six times more predictable by the address of its occurrence than by the identity of the offender, why aren’t we thinking more about wheredunit, rather than just whodunit?” (Sherman, 1995, pp. 36–37). Many empirical observations that crimes of various kinds are more likely to occur in particular places, and at particular times, have since led to significant reductions in the incidence of specific crimes, ranging from bicycle theft to residential burglaries, to assaults in and around bars, to armed robbery, and so on (see e.g. Wortley & Townsley, 2016). Analysing and responding to the spatial and temporal dimensions of specific kinds of crime is now commonplace among crime prevention agents and practitioners.No Full Tex
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
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