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Pathways Of Hiv Risk And Vulnerability Among New Female Sex Workers In Northern Karnataka, India
Get PDFPATHWAYS OF HIV RISK AND VULNERABILITY AMONG NEW FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN NORTHERN KARNATAKA, INDIA. Jordan A. Sloshower and James F. Blanchard, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada. (Sponsored by Kaveh Khoshnood, Yale University School of Public Health).
This qualitative research project sought primarily to understand why female sex workers (FSWs) from northern Karnataka, many of whom are Devadasi sex workers, seem to experience an elevated risk of contracting HIV in the initial period after starting sex work. More specifically, it attempted to elucidate key processes and moments of vulnerability around the time period of initiating sex work and how this vulnerability varies based on Devadasi status and migration pattern. Twelve semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions were conducted with FSWs from northern Karnataka who were within the first two years of practicing sex work.
The interrelationship between financial problems, familial obligation and unfavorable social conditions were found to be primary drivers of Devadasi dedication, non-Devadasi sex work initiation, and decisions made regarding migration. In turn, dedication and initiation into sex work, combined with migration to destination places of sex work, was associated with a range of challenges and problems that could produce risk of HIV infection. Despite facing such difficulties, study participants described following a sex work learning curve to overcome such problems and potentially gain self-efficacy and control over one\u27s life and sex work practice. Numerous important actors and other variables, or risk modifiers, were found to hamper or promote the sex work learning curve. These actors included peers, clients, lovers and brothel madams or gharwalis. Other important risk modifiers included HIV-related services and education, Devadasi status, migration status, and sex work setting.
In sum, FSWs from northern Karnataka are enmeshed in a complex web of social relations and power structures that influence and sometimes constrain their behavior and decision- making. Novel structural interventions should take the sex work learning curve into account in order to speed up the processes through which women gain essential protective skills and knowledge. This temporal approach would entail targeting key actors and critical time points to decrease future Devadasi dedication and avoid high-risk sexual encounters during the initial period of sex work
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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On the Path to Mental Health in the Andes
No full textI arrived in Ayacucho, Peru on a Monday morning in January 2012 shortly after completing a three-week general medicine elective in a small clinic in southern Ecuador. I was set to begin a six-week psychiatry elective, observing and participating in patient encounters in mental health clinics and hospitals in both the Andean city of Ayacucho and Lima, Peru’s capital. Providing supervised medical care to patients in Ecuador had exposed me to some of the health issues commonly faced by a rural Andean population of farmers or campesinos, as well as the challenges of working in low-resource settings. Patients largely reported ailments related to a lifetime of hard physical labor, such as back and joint pain, and were also treated for a range of common medical conditions, including hypertension and acid reflux. Occasionally, my supervising doctor commented that he suspected some patients’ physical symptoms reflected elements of “somatization,” the embodiment of mental distress. Having studied medical anthropology prior to medical school, I was familiar with this phenomenon and other “local idioms of distress,” or the “particular ways in which members of sociocultural groups convey affliction.”1 However, in this busy medical clinic, there was rarely time to meaningfully explore the etiologies of such complaints with patients.
Deeply interested in further exploring how health and experience are shaped by complex interactions between social, cultural, political and economic factors, I sensed the unique nature of the opportunity to work in Ayacucho, a city that simultaneously epitomizes the beauty of the Andes and embodies the region’s darker history of political violence and economic oppression. Strongly considering a career in global mental health, I was curious to learn about the models of mental health care being employed in the clinics and hospitals I would encounter and the ways they were addressing the astonishing treatment gap that characterizes this field. Currently, more than three-quarters of individuals with serious cases of mental illness in less developed countries do not receive adequate treatment.2 The great challenge for the field of global mental health is to address this “moral failure of humanity” in contextually appropriate ways that promote human rights and avoid detrimentally imposing Western systems of diagnosis and treatment.
On the Path to Mental Health in the Andes
No full textI arrived in Ayacucho, Peru on a Monday morning in January 2012 shortly after completing a three-week general medicine elective in a small clinic in southern Ecuador. I was set to begin a six-week psychiatry elective, observing and participating in patient encounters in mental health clinics and hospitals in both the Andean city of Ayacucho and Lima, Peru’s capital. Providing supervised medical care to patients in Ecuador had exposed me to some of the health issues commonly faced by a rural Andean population of farmers or campesinos, as well as the challenges of working in low-resource settings. Patients largely reported ailments related to a lifetime of hard physical labor, such as back and joint pain, and were also treated for a range of common medical conditions, including hypertension and acid reflux. Occasionally, my supervising doctor commented that he suspected some patients’ physical symptoms reflected elements of “somatization,” the embodiment of mental distress. Having studied medical anthropology prior to medical school, I was familiar with this phenomenon and other “local idioms of distress,” or the “particular ways in which members of sociocultural groups convey affliction.”1 However, in this busy medical clinic, there was rarely time to meaningfully explore the etiologies of such complaints with patients.
Deeply interested in further exploring how health and experience are shaped by complex interactions between social, cultural, political and economic factors, I sensed the unique nature of the opportunity to work in Ayacucho, a city that simultaneously epitomizes the beauty of the Andes and embodies the region’s darker history of political violence and economic oppression. Strongly considering a career in global mental health, I was curious to learn about the models of mental health care being employed in the clinics and hospitals I would encounter and the ways they were addressing the astonishing treatment gap that characterizes this field. Currently, more than three-quarters of individuals with serious cases of mental illness in less developed countries do not receive adequate treatment.2 The great challenge for the field of global mental health is to address this “moral failure of humanity” in contextually appropriate ways that promote human rights and avoid detrimentally imposing Western systems of diagnosis and treatment.
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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