1,720,995 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Property Tax – in Theory and Practice
No full textThis paper is part of the IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance series. For a full list of papers, please visit http://bit.ly/2ylAa2D.The property tax is considered to be a good tax for local governments, mainly
because of the connection between the types of services funded at the local level
and the benefit to property values. Yet property tax revenues rarely account for
more than 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in any country. This paper
explains why the property tax is under-used by highlighting some of the problems
with the tax, such as its unpopularity, its inelasticity, erosion of tax base, and poor
administration. Reforming the property tax is difficult, however, because no matter
how economically desirable the long-run outcome of reform may be, its
transitional effects may be highly undesirable in political terms—there will
inevitably be winners and losers. Even if the property tax is used more heavily, it
will never be able to do the whole job, especially for local governments that are
delivering more than property-related services.Institute on Municipal Finance and Governanc
Managing the coordination of service delivery in metropolitan cities : the role of metropolitan governance
Get PDFThis paper examines different models of governing structure found in metropolitan areas around the world. It evaluates how well these models achieve the coordination of service delivery over the entire metropolitan area as well as the extent to which they result in the equitable sharing of costs of services. Based on theory and case studies from numerous cities in developed and less developed countries, the paper concludes that there is no"one size fits all"model of metropolitan governance. Other observations from the case studies highlight the importance of the process of implementing a metropolitan structure, the need to match fiscal resources with expenditure responsibilities, the need to have a governance structure that covers the entire economic region, and the critical importance of having a strong regional structure that ensures that services are delivered in a coordinated fashion across municipal boundaries.Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Municipal Financial Management,National Governance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Public Sector Corruption&Anticorruption Measures
How Much Local Fiscal Autonomy Do Cities Have? A Comparison of Eight Cities around the World
No full textThis paper is part of the IMFG Perspectives Papers series. For a full list of papers, please visit http://bit.ly/2ylAa2D.Local fiscal autonomy is the extent to which local governments rely on locally raised revenues for funding (rather than receiving transfers from federal or provincial governments) and on their ability to set their own tax rates. A comparison of Toronto, London, Paris, Berlin, Frankfurt, Madrid, Tokyo, and New York reveals that municipal expenditure responsibilities differ among the eight cities; municipal taxes (including local taxes and shared taxes) per capita differ; and, not surprisingly, the extent of local fiscal autonomy also differs.
Benefits of tax autonomy include greater efficiency and accountability in the public sector. Tax autonomy gives voters some ability to decide on tax levels and, in that way, taxpayers are more aware of public-service outcomes. Moreover, for these eight cities, there appears to be a relationship between dependence on own-source revenues and the size of the metropolitan economy, with a couple of exceptions.
Toronto is less dependent on intergovernmental transfers than many other major cities but, with the exception of London, it has fewer tax options than the other cities. New York is less reliant on state transfers and can levy many different taxes, although the City still needs state permission to implement some new taxes. Tokyo and Paris rely heavily on own–source revenues, but may not have much control over their tax sources. Frankfurt and Berlin have access to more tax sources than many of the other cities, but a portion of these are shared taxes over which they have no tax rate–setting ability. Madrid relies relatively heavily on property taxes but also shares in revenues from the personal income tax, value-added tax, and selected excise taxes.
Canadian cities rely largely on the property tax and, although it is a good tax for local governments, it does not grow as the economy grows; it is also highly visible and politically contentious. Moreover, it is not the most appropriate tax to pay for social services or social housing. A mix of taxes would give large Canadian cities more fiscal autonomy, the flexibility to be internationally competitive, and the ability to respond to changing economic and political conditions.Institute on Municipal Finance and Governanc
Financing Large Cities and Metropolitan Areas
No full textThis paper is part of the IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance series. For a full list of papers, please visit http://bit.ly/2ylAa2D.Large cities and metropolitan areas differ from smaller urban or rural
municipalities—they have much larger populations, higher concentrations of
population, and populations that are more heterogeneous in terms of social and
economic circumstances. Large cities are important generators of employment,
wealth, and productivity growth, and serve as regional hubs for people from
adjacent communities who come to work, shop, and use public services that are
not available in their own communities. These characteristics have implications for
the magnitude and complexity of the expenditures on municipal services that local
governments in metropolitan areas are required to make, as well as their ability to
pay for services. This paper explores the financing of services and infrastructure in
large cities and metropolitan areas. Do large cities spend more than smaller cities?
Do larger cities have greater fiscal capacity? Are large cities treated differently from
other cities? What are the appropriate revenue sources for large cities?Institute on Municipal Finance and Governanc
The Property Tax – in Theory and Practice
Get PDFThis paper is part of the IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance series. For a full list of papers, please visit http://bit.ly/2ylAa2D.The property tax is considered to be a good tax for local governments, mainly
because of the connection between the types of services funded at the local level
and the benefit to property values. Yet property tax revenues rarely account for
more than 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in any country. This paper
explains why the property tax is under-used by highlighting some of the problems
with the tax, such as its unpopularity, its inelasticity, erosion of tax base, and poor
administration. Reforming the property tax is difficult, however, because no matter
how economically desirable the long-run outcome of reform may be, its
transitional effects may be highly undesirable in political terms—there will
inevitably be winners and losers. Even if the property tax is used more heavily, it
will never be able to do the whole job, especially for local governments that are
delivering more than property-related services.Institute on Municipal Finance and Governanc
Financing Large Cities and Metropolitan Areas
Get PDFThis paper is part of the IMFG Papers on Municipal Finance and Governance series. For a full list of papers, please visit http://bit.ly/2ylAa2D.Large cities and metropolitan areas differ from smaller urban or rural
municipalities—they have much larger populations, higher concentrations of
population, and populations that are more heterogeneous in terms of social and
economic circumstances. Large cities are important generators of employment,
wealth, and productivity growth, and serve as regional hubs for people from
adjacent communities who come to work, shop, and use public services that are
not available in their own communities. These characteristics have implications for
the magnitude and complexity of the expenditures on municipal services that local
governments in metropolitan areas are required to make, as well as their ability to
pay for services. This paper explores the financing of services and infrastructure in
large cities and metropolitan areas. Do large cities spend more than smaller cities?
Do larger cities have greater fiscal capacity? Are large cities treated differently from
other cities? What are the appropriate revenue sources for large cities?Institute on Municipal Finance and Governanc
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