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Modeling on-board crowding contributions in public transportation systems using automated data sources
No full textCities worldwide are progressively attracting more residents, making the transportation supply provision challenging and the overcrowding phenomenon a new norm. Crowding negatively affects passengers’ travel experience and the operations of the public transportation system. So far, little attention has been given to how specific passenger groups, including the new residents of a city, contribute to public transportation crowding. Empirical knowledge of passenger groups’ impact on the crowding conditions in the system can guide tailored policy initiatives such as new fare structures, dedicated public transportation services, or infrastructure investments. Automated data sources in the public transportation sector can play an important role in this direction by i) offering opportunities for passenger segmentation and ii) providing data with high spatiotemporal resolution. Paper I proposes a method based on smart card data for quantifying crowding contributions from a selected passenger group on the rest of the passengers at the journey level. We propose two novel metrics: time-weighted contribution to load factor and maximum contribution to load factor. The method is applied to two passenger groups: school students and passengers traversing Stockholm’s inner city. Results indicate that school students utilize 15% of the seating capacity in the Stockholm County case study area. Moreover, passengers traversing the inner-city occupy more than 80% of the seating capacity on the most affected network segment. The commuter rail corridor and its surrounding areas are found to be primarily affected by both selected passenger groups. Results can guide policy-making towards more efficient demand management and lower overall crowding conditions on the public transportation system. Paper II extends the method proposed in Paper I in the context of new urban developments. The method captures the difference in crowding contributions induced by a newly developed area at the segment level. The method is applied to various urban developments, considering the classification of their types. Characteristics of the selected urban development categories such as the type, size, location, proximity to high-capacity public transportation connections, and socioeconomic characteristics are also concerned. Results reveal that the size, type of urban development, and proximity to a high-capacity connection are highly influential factors in determining the value and shaping the geographical extent of the crowding implications, regardless of its category. In addition, income and car ownership levels in the newly developed areas have a two-fold effect on shaping network-wide crowding contributions in terms of value and geographical spread. Results from Paper II can be incorporated into assessment frameworks for public transportation investments related to new urban developments. Last, results may assist in placing future urban developments accounting for the resulting crowding effects, therefore assisting towards more efficient public transportation networks and cities.Städer över hela världen lockar till sig allt fler invånare, vilket gör transportförsörjningen utmanande och överbeläggningar till en ny norm. Trängsel har en negativ inverkan på passagerarnas reseupplevelse och på kollektivtrafiksystemets funktion. Hittills har liten uppmärksamhet ägnats åt hur specifika passagerargrupper, inklusive de nya invånarna i en stad, bidrar till trängsel i kollektivtrafiken. Empirisk kunskap om passagerargruppernas inverkan på trängseln i systemet kan vägleda skräddarsydda politiska initiativ som nya prisstrukturer, särskilda kollektivtrafiktjänster eller infrastrukturinvesteringar. Automatiserade datakällor inom kollektivtrafiksektorn kan spela en viktig roll i detta sammanhang genom att i) erbjuda möjligheter till passagerarsegmentering och ii) tillhandahålla data med hög spatiotemporal upplösning. I Paper I föreslås en metod baserad på smartkortsdata för att kvantifiera trängselbidrag från en utvald passagerargrupp på resten av passagerarna på resenivå. Vi föreslår två nya mätvärden: tidsviktat bidrag till belastningsfaktorn och maximalt bidrag till belastningsfaktorn. Metoden tillämpas på två passagerargrupper: skolelever och passagerare som reser genom Stockholms innerstad. Resultaten visar att skolelever utnyttjar 15% av sittplatskapaciteten i fallstudieområdet i Stockholms län. Dessutom upptar passagerare som reser genom innerstaden mer än 80% av sittplatskapaciteten på det mest påverkade nätverkssegmentet. Pendeltågskorridoren och dess omgivande områden påverkas främst av båda de utvalda passagerargrupperna. Resultaten kan vägleda beslutsfattandet mot en mer effektiv efterfrågestyrning och lägre trängsel i kollektivtrafiksystemet. I Paper II utvidgas den metod som föreslås i Paper I till att omfatta nya stadsutvecklingsområden. Metoden fångar upp skillnaden i trängselbidrag som orsakas av ett nyutvecklat område på segmentnivå. Metoden tillämpas på olika stadsutvecklingar, med hänsyn till klassificeringen av deras typer. De utvalda stadsutvecklingskategoriernas egenskaper, såsom typ, storlek, läge, närhet till kollektivtrafikförbindelser med hög kapacitet och socioekonomiska egenskaper, beaktas också. Resultaten visar att storleken, typen av stadsutveckling och närheten till en högkapacitetsförbindelse är mycket inflytelserika faktorer när det gäller att bestämma värdet och forma den geografiska omfattningen av trängselimplikationerna, oavsett kategori. Dessutom har inkomst- och bilinnehavsnivåer i de nyutvecklade områdena en dubbel effekt på utformningen av nätverksomfattande trängselbidrag i termer av värde och geografisk spridning. Resultaten från Paper II kan införlivas i bedömningsramar för kollektivtrafikinvesteringar i samband med ny stadsutveckling. Slutligen kan resultaten hjälpa till att placera framtida stadsutveckling med hänsyn till de resulterande trängseleffekterna och därmed bidra till effektivare kollektivtrafiknät och städer.QC 20250318CAPA-CITY: Identifying capacity gaps to support urban and regional developmen
Modeling on-board crowding contributions in public transportation systems using automated data sources
No full textCities worldwide are progressively attracting more residents, making the transportation supply provision challenging and the overcrowding phenomenon a new norm. Crowding negatively affects passengers’ travel experience and the operations of the public transportation system. So far, little attention has been given to how specific passenger groups, including the new residents of a city, contribute to public transportation crowding. Empirical knowledge of passenger groups’ impact on the crowding conditions in the system can guide tailored policy initiatives such as new fare structures, dedicated public transportation services, or infrastructure investments. Automated data sources in the public transportation sector can play an important role in this direction by i) offering opportunities for passenger segmentation and ii) providing data with high spatiotemporal resolution. Paper I proposes a method based on smart card data for quantifying crowding contributions from a selected passenger group on the rest of the passengers at the journey level. We propose two novel metrics: time-weighted contribution to load factor and maximum contribution to load factor. The method is applied to two passenger groups: school students and passengers traversing Stockholm’s inner city. Results indicate that school students utilize 15% of the seating capacity in the Stockholm County case study area. Moreover, passengers traversing the inner-city occupy more than 80% of the seating capacity on the most affected network segment. The commuter rail corridor and its surrounding areas are found to be primarily affected by both selected passenger groups. Results can guide policy-making towards more efficient demand management and lower overall crowding conditions on the public transportation system. Paper II extends the method proposed in Paper I in the context of new urban developments. The method captures the difference in crowding contributions induced by a newly developed area at the segment level. The method is applied to various urban developments, considering the classification of their types. Characteristics of the selected urban development categories such as the type, size, location, proximity to high-capacity public transportation connections, and socioeconomic characteristics are also concerned. Results reveal that the size, type of urban development, and proximity to a high-capacity connection are highly influential factors in determining the value and shaping the geographical extent of the crowding implications, regardless of its category. In addition, income and car ownership levels in the newly developed areas have a two-fold effect on shaping network-wide crowding contributions in terms of value and geographical spread. Results from Paper II can be incorporated into assessment frameworks for public transportation investments related to new urban developments. Last, results may assist in placing future urban developments accounting for the resulting crowding effects, therefore assisting towards more efficient public transportation networks and cities.Städer över hela världen lockar till sig allt fler invånare, vilket gör transportförsörjningen utmanande och överbeläggningar till en ny norm. Trängsel har en negativ inverkan på passagerarnas reseupplevelse och på kollektivtrafiksystemets funktion. Hittills har liten uppmärksamhet ägnats åt hur specifika passagerargrupper, inklusive de nya invånarna i en stad, bidrar till trängsel i kollektivtrafiken. Empirisk kunskap om passagerargruppernas inverkan på trängseln i systemet kan vägleda skräddarsydda politiska initiativ som nya prisstrukturer, särskilda kollektivtrafiktjänster eller infrastrukturinvesteringar. Automatiserade datakällor inom kollektivtrafiksektorn kan spela en viktig roll i detta sammanhang genom att i) erbjuda möjligheter till passagerarsegmentering och ii) tillhandahålla data med hög spatiotemporal upplösning. I Paper I föreslås en metod baserad på smartkortsdata för att kvantifiera trängselbidrag från en utvald passagerargrupp på resten av passagerarna på resenivå. Vi föreslår två nya mätvärden: tidsviktat bidrag till belastningsfaktorn och maximalt bidrag till belastningsfaktorn. Metoden tillämpas på två passagerargrupper: skolelever och passagerare som reser genom Stockholms innerstad. Resultaten visar att skolelever utnyttjar 15% av sittplatskapaciteten i fallstudieområdet i Stockholms län. Dessutom upptar passagerare som reser genom innerstaden mer än 80% av sittplatskapaciteten på det mest påverkade nätverkssegmentet. Pendeltågskorridoren och dess omgivande områden påverkas främst av båda de utvalda passagerargrupperna. Resultaten kan vägleda beslutsfattandet mot en mer effektiv efterfrågestyrning och lägre trängsel i kollektivtrafiksystemet. I Paper II utvidgas den metod som föreslås i Paper I till att omfatta nya stadsutvecklingsområden. Metoden fångar upp skillnaden i trängselbidrag som orsakas av ett nyutvecklat område på segmentnivå. Metoden tillämpas på olika stadsutvecklingar, med hänsyn till klassificeringen av deras typer. De utvalda stadsutvecklingskategoriernas egenskaper, såsom typ, storlek, läge, närhet till kollektivtrafikförbindelser med hög kapacitet och socioekonomiska egenskaper, beaktas också. Resultaten visar att storleken, typen av stadsutveckling och närheten till en högkapacitetsförbindelse är mycket inflytelserika faktorer när det gäller att bestämma värdet och forma den geografiska omfattningen av trängselimplikationerna, oavsett kategori. Dessutom har inkomst- och bilinnehavsnivåer i de nyutvecklade områdena en dubbel effekt på utformningen av nätverksomfattande trängselbidrag i termer av värde och geografisk spridning. Resultaten från Paper II kan införlivas i bedömningsramar för kollektivtrafikinvesteringar i samband med ny stadsutveckling. Slutligen kan resultaten hjälpa till att placera framtida stadsutveckling med hänsyn till de resulterande trängseleffekterna och därmed bidra till effektivare kollektivtrafiknät och städer.QC 20250318CAPA-CITY: Identifying capacity gaps to support urban and regional developmen
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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