1,720,972 research outputs found
Chinese Room - John Searle's Thought Experiment in the Era of Large Language Models
No full textMisaoni eksperiment Kineska soba koji je osmislio i 1980. objavio John Searle osporava ideju pravog razumijevanja kod sustava umjetne inteligencije. Pojava iznimno popularnih govornih robota poput ChatGPT-ja koji s velikom točnošću mogu simulirati ljudski razgovor ponovno je pobudila zanimanje za tu temu te je relevantnost četrdeset godina starog misaonog eksperimenta ponovo postala očita. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti povijest umjetne inteligencije i ulogu jezičnih modela u njoj, a usporedbom načina njihova funkcioniranja s izvornim Searleovim misaonim eksperimentom pokušati uvidjeti u kojoj se mjeri on može primijeniti na velike jezične modele 21. stoljeća.The thought experiment "Chinese Room," conceived and published by John Searle in 1980, challenges the idea of true understanding in artificial intelligence systems. The emergence of extremely popular conversational robots like ChatGPT, which can simulate human conversation with great accuracy, has reignited interest in this topic, making the relevance of the forty-year-old thought experiment once again apparent. The aim of this paper is to present the history of artificial intelligence and the role of language models within it, and by comparing their functioning with the original Searle's thought experiment, to try to discern to what extent it can be applied to contemporary large language models of the 21st century
Philosophical Origins of Physiotherapy in Existentialist View
No full textPsihoterapija i psihologija kako ju danas razumijemo postoji otkako i čovječanstvo, ali ne nužno u istom obliku. Ono što je perzistentno su pitanja o smislu života, svrsi i sreći nasuprot patnji, što bi u današnjem žargonu mogli nazvati egzistencijalnim pitanjima o samoispunjenju i postizanju mentalnog zdravlja. Ono čemu se pridaje manje pažnje su korijeni ovih dviju znanosti koji svoj fundament temelje na bogatoj filozofskoj tradiciji. Iz tog razloga se rad fokusira na pregled autora iz kojih psihoterapija i psihologija vuku svoje ideje. Cilj rada je ispitati koji filozofi uronili u sferu psihičkog, postoji li poveznica između egzistencijalne psihoterapije i suvremene kontinentalne filozofije egzistencijalizma te ustvrditi je li i u kojoj mjeri filozofija podloga gore navedenim znanostima. Premda psihologija i psihoterapija spadaju u egzaktne znanosti, opisi psihičkih stanja i pojava pojavljuju se još od antičkih spisa, a egzistencijalna psihoterapija zaista jest plod filozofije egzistencijalizma. Štoviše, filozofija je podloga samih znanosti stoga što pruža nužnu strukturu govora i argumentiranja te postavlja pitanja koja sežu dublje od onih znanstvenih.Psychotherapy and psychology as we understand them today have existed since the dawn of humanity, albeit not necessarily in the same form. What persists are questions about the meaning of life, purpose, and happiness in contrast to suffering, which in today's jargon could be referred to as existential questions about self-fulfillment and achieving mental health. What receives less attention are the roots of these two sciences, which are grounded in a rich philosophical tradition. For this reason, this paper focuses on examining the authors from whom psychotherapy and psychology draw their ideas. The aim of this paper is to explore which philosophers delved into the realm of the psyche, whether there is a connection between existential psychotherapy and contemporary continental philosophy of existentialism, and to ascertain to what extent philosophy serves as the foundation for the aforementioned sciences. Although psychology and psychotherapy fall within the realm of exact sciences, descriptions of psychic states and phenomena have appeared in ancient writings, and existential psychotherapy is indeed a product of existentialist philosophy. Furthermore, philosophy serves as the foundation for the sciences themselves, as it provides the necessary structure of discourse and argumentation and poses questions that delve deeper than those of science
Chinese Room - John Searle's Thought Experiment in the Era of Large Language Models
No full textMisaoni eksperiment Kineska soba koji je osmislio i 1980. objavio John Searle osporava ideju pravog razumijevanja kod sustava umjetne inteligencije. Pojava iznimno popularnih govornih robota poput ChatGPT-ja koji s velikom točnošću mogu simulirati ljudski razgovor ponovno je pobudila zanimanje za tu temu te je relevantnost četrdeset godina starog misaonog eksperimenta ponovo postala očita. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti povijest umjetne inteligencije i ulogu jezičnih modela u njoj, a usporedbom načina njihova funkcioniranja s izvornim Searleovim misaonim eksperimentom pokušati uvidjeti u kojoj se mjeri on može primijeniti na velike jezične modele 21. stoljeća.The thought experiment "Chinese Room," conceived and published by John Searle in 1980, challenges the idea of true understanding in artificial intelligence systems. The emergence of extremely popular conversational robots like ChatGPT, which can simulate human conversation with great accuracy, has reignited interest in this topic, making the relevance of the forty-year-old thought experiment once again apparent. The aim of this paper is to present the history of artificial intelligence and the role of language models within it, and by comparing their functioning with the original Searle's thought experiment, to try to discern to what extent it can be applied to contemporary large language models of the 21st century
Philosophical Origins of Physiotherapy in Existentialist View
No full textPsihoterapija i psihologija kako ju danas razumijemo postoji otkako i čovječanstvo, ali ne nužno u istom obliku. Ono što je perzistentno su pitanja o smislu života, svrsi i sreći nasuprot patnji, što bi u današnjem žargonu mogli nazvati egzistencijalnim pitanjima o samoispunjenju i postizanju mentalnog zdravlja. Ono čemu se pridaje manje pažnje su korijeni ovih dviju znanosti koji svoj fundament temelje na bogatoj filozofskoj tradiciji. Iz tog razloga se rad fokusira na pregled autora iz kojih psihoterapija i psihologija vuku svoje ideje. Cilj rada je ispitati koji filozofi uronili u sferu psihičkog, postoji li poveznica između egzistencijalne psihoterapije i suvremene kontinentalne filozofije egzistencijalizma te ustvrditi je li i u kojoj mjeri filozofija podloga gore navedenim znanostima. Premda psihologija i psihoterapija spadaju u egzaktne znanosti, opisi psihičkih stanja i pojava pojavljuju se još od antičkih spisa, a egzistencijalna psihoterapija zaista jest plod filozofije egzistencijalizma. Štoviše, filozofija je podloga samih znanosti stoga što pruža nužnu strukturu govora i argumentiranja te postavlja pitanja koja sežu dublje od onih znanstvenih.Psychotherapy and psychology as we understand them today have existed since the dawn of humanity, albeit not necessarily in the same form. What persists are questions about the meaning of life, purpose, and happiness in contrast to suffering, which in today's jargon could be referred to as existential questions about self-fulfillment and achieving mental health. What receives less attention are the roots of these two sciences, which are grounded in a rich philosophical tradition. For this reason, this paper focuses on examining the authors from whom psychotherapy and psychology draw their ideas. The aim of this paper is to explore which philosophers delved into the realm of the psyche, whether there is a connection between existential psychotherapy and contemporary continental philosophy of existentialism, and to ascertain to what extent philosophy serves as the foundation for the aforementioned sciences. Although psychology and psychotherapy fall within the realm of exact sciences, descriptions of psychic states and phenomena have appeared in ancient writings, and existential psychotherapy is indeed a product of existentialist philosophy. Furthermore, philosophy serves as the foundation for the sciences themselves, as it provides the necessary structure of discourse and argumentation and poses questions that delve deeper than those of science
Logic and human reasoning
No full textU radu se istražuje odnos logike i ljudskoga deduktivnog zaključivanja te pitanje o normativnome značaju logike za zaključivanje, pri čemu je važan i prirodni jezik kao medij putem kojega se zaključivanje odvija. Osnovna se pretpostavka sastoji u tome da logika kao standard prema kojem ljudi moraju zaključivati da bi zaključivali ispravno nije normativna za mišljenje i zaključivanje, a s tim je povezana i pretpostavka o tome da se o normativnosti, i to onoj koju propisuje zajednica, može govoriti samo u društvenoj sferi. Pretpostavlja se i da materinski jezik utječe na zaključivanje te se tvrdi da se logika uči na sličan način na koji se uči strani jezik. Nadalje, pretpostavlja se da znanja iz srodnih disciplina mogu pozitivno utjecati na zaključivanje, a logička sposobnost može negativno utjecati na izražajnu moć jezika. Konačno, istražuje se zaključivanje kod osoba sa psihičkim poremećajima te se pokazuje da oni u nekim slučajevima slijede logička pravila, ali ne i pravila zajednice. Promatran je tijek razvoja logike od Aristotela i stoika do Fregea i Łukasiewicza, filozofsko-logičke rasprave Descartesa, Wittgensteina, Harmana i Fielda, psihološke teorije zaključivanja (prvenstveno teorija mentalne logike, teorija mentalnih modela i dvojna teorija) te lingvističke teorije Chomskog i Dąbrowske. Pokazalo se da postoji dovoljno argumenata na temelju kojih je moguće tvrditi kako je rasprava o normativnosti logike za zaključivanje postala suvišnom; da logika ima svoje različite primjene, ali one su vezane uz neke formalne teorije kakva je i sama logika; da je potrebno revidirati uobičajeno shvaćen pojam racionalnosti; i, najvažnije, da je logika naučiva, ali je malen broj ljudi može dobro svladati te je potrebna kvalitetna i pravovremena izobrazba. Potencijalna praktična korist ovoga rada sastoji se u mogućnosti primjene dobivenih spoznaja u nastavi logike.This thesis investigates the relation between logic and human deductive reasoning, as well as the issue of the significance of logic as a norm for the reasoning of which the natural language is an important medium. The main presupposition is that logic as a standard according to which humans ought to reason in order to reason correctly is not normative for thinking and reasoning. This is associated with a presupposition that normativity as a standard governed by a community can only be considered in a public sphere. There is an assumption that mother tongue influences reasoning and it is claimed that logic is learned in a similar way to learning a foreign language. It is also presupposed that knowledge of related disciplines such as mathematics or informatics can have a positive influence on reasoning, while logical competence may have a negative influence on the expressive power of language. Finally, the reasoning of people with mental disorders is investigated and it is shown that in some cases they follow rules of logic, but not the rules governed by their community. The thesis includes an overview of development of logic from Aristotle and Stoics to Frege and Łukasiewicz, logico-philosophical discussions given by Descartes, Wittgenstein, Harman and Field, psychological theories of reasoning (with the focus on theories of mental logic, mental models and dual theory), as well as linguistic theories of Chomsky and Dąbrowska. It is shown that there are sufficiently many arguments according to which it is possible to claim that the discussion of normativity of logic for reasoning has become redundant; that logic has its different applications, but they are connected to formal theories as logic itself is; that it is necessary to revise the usual definition of rationality; and, most importantly, that logic is learnable, but only a small group of people can learn it well, therefore, high quality and prompt education is required. The potential practical benefit of this work is a possibility of using obtained conclusions in the teaching of logic
Koncepcija semantike u djelu Alfreda Tarskog
No full textOvaj se rad sastoji od dva glavna dijela: u prvome smo dijelu pokušali prikazati rezultate Tarskijeve semantičke
teorije istine, a u drugome smo dijelu raspravljali o utjecaju njegove nove definicije logičke posljedice.
Tarskijev je cilj u njegovu radu na semantičkim pojmovima (kao što je pojam istine, zadovoljivosti, itd.) dati matematički prihvatljive definicije tih pojmova, pri čemu je vrlo važno njegovo razlikovanje objektnoga jezika i
metajezika. Pokušali smo predstaviti njegovu metodu zgradnje definicija istine za formalizirane jezike koje su
dane u Tarski (1933). Tarski nudi novo rješenje paradoksa lažljivca izbjegavajući samo-odnošenje u lažljivoj
rečenici koje se temelji na njegovoj definiciji istinitosti. Dali smo kratku analizu toga rješenja.
Tarski je predstavio svoju teoriju o logičkoj posljedici u Tarski (1936a). Raspravlja o tome je li moguće dati
preciznu definiciju pojma posljedice kad je sam taj pojam nejasan. Razmotrili smo i analizirali iz povijesne
perspektive neke vidove njegova rada koji su od neposredne važnosti za filozofsko razumijevanje njegove
definicije logičke posljedice. I teorija modela i teorija dokaza svaka uključuju pojam logičke posljedice, ali ti se
pojmovi u tim teorijama dosta međusobno razlikuju i koriste se u različite svrhe. Tarski je dao prvu
modelteorijsku definiciju logičke posljedice koja se temelji na predteorijskome pojmu posljedice i povezana je s
uobičajenim korištenjem u svakodnevnome jeziku.
Zaključujemo prikazom kritika i primjena njegovih glavnih ideja
Normativnost jezičnih igara u kontekstu psihoanalize i mentalnoga zdravlja
No full textLanguage profoundly shapes human perception and social interactions. Sigmund Freud emphasized the role of language in uncovering and addressing unconscious conflicts, particularly in the treatment of mental illness. Ludwig Wittgenstein examined the everyday use of language through his concept of “language games,” thereby revealing its normative function in shaping meaning, behavior, and societal norms. This paper compares Freud’s and Wittgenstein’s approaches to language, highlighting their shared emphasis on its normativity and therapeutic potential. While their perspectives differ — Freud focusing on the unconscious structures underlying speech and Wittgenstein on the rule–governed nature of language use — they both illustrate that language is an active force that shapes human experience rather than a passive medium. Finally, the paper argues that Freud’s insights into the symbolic dimensions of language and Wittgenstein’s emphasis on linguistic practice together suggest the need for a culturally sensitive and holistic approach to therapy.Jezik uvelike oblikuje ljudsku percepciju i društvenu interakciju. Sigmund Freud je naglašavao ulogu jezika u otkrivanju i rješavanju nesvjesnih sukoba, osobito u liječenju mentalnih poremećaja. Ludwig Wittgenstein je istraživao svakidašnju upotrebu jezika uvodeći pojam jezičnih igara kojima je otkrio njegovu normativnu funkciju u oblikovanju značenja, ponašanja i društvenih normi. Ovaj rad uspoređuje Freudov i Wittgensteinov pristup jeziku ističući njihovo zajedničko naglašavanje njegove normativnosti i terapijskog potencijala. Iako se njihovi pristupi razlikuju – Freud se usredotočuje na nesvjesne strukture koje oblikuju govor, dok Wittgenstein naglašava pravila koja upravljaju upotre-bom jezika – oba autora pokazuju da jezik nije pasivan medij, nego ima aktivnu ulogu u oblikovanju ljudskoga iskustva. Konačno, rad argumentira da Freudovi uvidi u simboličke dimenzije jezika i Wittgensteinovo naglašavanje jezične prakse zajedno upućuju na potrebu za kulturološki osjetljivim i holističkim pristupom psihoterapiji
The Role of Logic and Argumentation in Theological Texts
No full textU radu se analiziraju specifičnosti argumentacije u teološkim tekstovima s naglaskom na važnost logičke konzistentnosti, utemeljenosti na autoritativnim izvorima vjere i prepoznavanje granica crkvenih dogmi, odnosno zadanih, objavljenih i definiranih istina. Ispituje se kako se teološka argumentacija koja se oslanja na Tradiciju i svete spise može strukturirati na način koji zadovoljava kriterije logičkog zaključivanja i znanstvene preciznosti. Posebna pažnja posvećena je razlikovanju onoga što čini dogmatsku osnovu teologije od spekulativnih teoloških refleksija s naglaskom na važnost i preciznost takva razlikovanja za precizno razumijevanje teoloških tvrdnji. Kao model za analizu načina na koji teolozi integriraju crkvene autoritete s logičkom argumentacijom, zadržavajući pritom jasnoću i dosljednost, poslužio je tekst Karla Rahnera, jednoga od najutjecajnijih teologa 20. stoljeća. Rad ukazuje na važnost dobro argumentiranih teoloških tekstova kao neizostavnog elementa za obranu teologije kao racionalne discipline te otvara put daljnjim istraživanjima teološke metodologije i strukture argumentacije.The paper analyses the specificities of argumentation in theological texts, underscoring how it differs from argumentation in other disciplines through its combination of faith-based claims and logical reasoning. Unlike other disciplines that frequently rely on empirical data and human cognition, theological texts base their arguments on sacred scriptures, tradition, and dogmas, which are regarded as divine revelations. The goal of theological argumentation is not only to confirm a claim or persuade a reader of a conclusion, but also to deepen the reader’s religious devotion. In theological argumentation, it is crucial to distinguish between doctrinal teachings based on the divine revelation from more speculative theological reflections, which offer additional insights but hold different authoritative statuses. This paper highlights the importance of sound, well-supported argumentation in theological texts. Within addition to theological knowledge, argumentation requires the application the rules of reasoning and the avoidance of logical fallacies. Properly structured argumentation in theological texts reinforces the significance of theology as a science and facilitates a deeper understanding and acceptance of religious truths. It promotes greater devotion to faith and helps defend theology against critiques, particularly those questioning its scientific rigor due to its reliance on faith-based premises. The text of Karl Rahner is presented as an example of the analysis of theological argumentation. His book Grace in Freedom illustrates how meticulous analysis and logical coherence can make theological arguments more accessible and comprehensible. Rahner utilizes doctrinal sources and philosophical discussions and anticipates counterarguments, making his arguments intellectually challenging and resistant to criticism. The paper advocates for recognizing well-argued theological texts as an essential element in defending theology as a rational discipline and paves the way for further research into the theological methodology and argumentation structure
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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