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Does urban chemical exposure influence the skewing of the immune system in Thai infants?
Get PDFIntroduction
Urbanisation and industrialisation have led to increased chemical pollution, potentially influencing infants' immune systems and allergies. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of urban chemical exposure on the skewing of the immune system and allergy in Thai infants.
Methods
A pilot cohort of first-trimester pregnant women and infants born to them, attending Ramathibodi, Samut Prakan, and Rayong Hospitals in Thailand, was recruited. Their exposure to urban chemical pollutants was assessed via a self-assessment questionnaire (SAQ), estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure quantified by spatial interpolation of reported concentrations, and biomarkers (whole blood heavy metals; As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Pb) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the first trimester, urine cotinine/creatinine ratio (CCR) across pregnancy and infancy (early-life). The outcomes included allergy (allergic diseases, sensitisation, and total IgE) and immunological profiles of infants (cytokines). Sensitisation was indicated by measuring specific IgE (sIgE) to common allergen. IgE and sIgE were analysed multiple times during pregnancy and the first year of life. Statistical analyses of correlations and univariate logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression with Bonferroni correction were conducted to determine associations between chemical exposure to immune system changes and allergic outcomes.
Results
Of 203 pregnant women, 86 maternal-child pairs were included in the analysis (sub-cohort study for this DPhil). Allergic diseases (allergic dermatitis; AD and food allergy; FA) were diagnosed in 24 infants (27.9%). There were no differences in sIgE and total IgE between individuals with and without allergies. Spearman’s correlation found both significant positive and negative associations of allergy and concentrations of infant cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, IL-31, IL-33, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-ꭤ, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)) with all of heavy metals except Cd and Pb, urine CCR, and PM2.5. Univariate logistic regression analysis found that prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal occupation, maternal education, maternal sensitisation, sibling allergy, gravida, birth weight, child gender, exclusive breastfeeding, type of residence, home ventilation system (open door/window, fan), air conditioner (AC) use, air purifier use, recently furnished, mould visibility at home, pet exposure, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, season of data collection, birth season, Pb exposure, PM2.5 exposure, and IL-12/IL-23 p40 concentration were significantly associated with allergic outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with Bonferroni correction and hospital (site of data collection) adjustment found that home ventilation (open door/window), using air purifier, visible mould, household ETS, and maternal sensitisation were significant associated with allergic outcome in infant children.
Conclusions
This study found statistically significant association between early-life exposure to urban environments and an increased risk of allergies (AD and FA) and immune skewing in Thai infants. These factors included residence type, ventilation practices, heavy metal exposure, environmental tobacco smoke, and household ETS. Exposure to urban pollution, including heavy metals, ETS, and PM2.5 also significantly correlated with the production of critical cytokines related to allergies and inflammation, depending on the timing of exposure from pregnancy to infancy. These findings will help to inform public health strategies and policies for reducing environmental health risks in these and similar urban environments
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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