1,720,957 research outputs found
The Pattern Of Geographic Variation Of Bird Species Richness In Turkey
No full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate what types of community structures
affect breeding bird species richness and diversity in their habitats. The richness
and diversity indices, which provide an understanding of the community structure,
were used for hypothesis testing. Data on breeding bird species collected within
the Turkish Breeding Bird Atlas was analyzed in this study. This data includes the
lists of one-hour-long bird observations which were conducted in 764 different
sampling points of a size of 1x1 km. These observation lists are important for the
number of species and the number of individuals. Observation records containing
distribution and abundance data collected during the period from March to July
were used to calculate richness and diversity indices. These indices are the total
number of species (S), the Margalef index (D), the Shannon index (H') and the
Simpson index in the sampling area.
iv
Index results were used as dependent variables in statistical analysis. With these
variables, bird species richness (S) and (D), diversity (H') and species dominance
were investigated to analyze what kind of variation is found in Turkey. In order to
investigate this question 764 bird observations were divided into 12 groups
according to the ecoregions in which they are located. These groups were used
to carry out pairwise comparisons with statistical analysis.
The groups of richness and diversity were used in statistical analysis. This data
was used to show the variation pattern of bird richness and diversity in Turkey.
For this purpose, the ecoregions were used as a group according to their different
biodiversity features.
Based on the results of statistical analysis it was shown that bird species in
Turkey’s Inner Anatolian forests are significantly different in terms of richness and
diversity. It is plausible to say that habitats which are affected by intensive human
impact have significantly lower species richness and diversity.
Generalized linear models (GLM) with latitude, longitude, land use
characteristics, altitude and climate parameters were established and bird habitat
relationships determining the structure of bird communities were investigated.
This thesis is a study of the distribution and abundance data of breeding bird
species to investigate the impact of habitat features on the biodiversity of the
ecoregions in Turkey. This study is therefore important because it offers a
discussion on the differences of the ecoregions with regard to bird communities.ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ iii
TEŞEKKÜR.........................................................................................................v
İÇİNDEKİLER.................................................................................................... vii
ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ................................................................................................x
ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ......................................................................................... xi
SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ........................................................................ xii
1. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................14
2. GENEL BİLGİLER.........................................................................................17
2.1. Kuş Türlerinin Biyocoğrafyası ve Kuş Atlası ...........................................17
2.2. Türkiye Üreyen Kuş Atlası Çalışması .....................................................18
2.3. Türkiye Biyocoğrafyası ...........................................................................21
2.3.1. Türkiye’nin İklim Özellikleri ...............................................................21
2.3.2. Türkiye’nin Ekobölgeleri ...................................................................22
2.3.2.1. Kuzey Anadolu Kozalaklı ve Yaprak Döken Ormanları............24
2.3.2.2. Anadolu Kozalaklı ve Yaprak Döken Karışık Ormanları ..........25
2.3.2.3. Güney Anadolu Kozalaklı ve Yaprak Döken Dağ Ormanları ...25
2.3.2.4. Öksin-Kolşik Ormanları............................................................26
2.3.2.5. Kafkasya Karışık Ormanları.....................................................26
2.3.2.6. Doğu Anadolu Yaprak Döken Ormanları ................................. 27
2.3.2.7. Balkan Karışık Ormanları ........................................................27
2.3.2.8. Orta Anadolu Bozkırları ...........................................................27
2.3.2.9. Ege ve Batı Türkiye’nin Sklerofil ve Karışık Ormanları ............28
2.3.2.10. Orta Anadolu Bozkırları ve Ağaçlıkları .....................................28
2.3.2.11. Doğu Akdeniz Kozalaklı, Sklerofil ve Geniş Yapraklı
Ormanları.................................................................................29
2.3.2.12. Doğu Anadolu Dağ Bozkırları ..................................................29
2.3.2.13. Orta Doğu Bozkırları ................................................................30
viii
2.3.2.14. Zagros Dağları Ormanlık Bozkırları......................................... 30
2.4. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Çeşitlilik Değişkenleri ............................................ 30
2.4.1. Zenginlik ve Çeşitlilik İndisleri .......................................................... 31
2.4.1.1. Margalef İndisi (D) ..................................................................... 32
2.4.1.2. 1x1 km’lik Karedeki Toplam Tür Sayısı (S) ............................... 32
2.4.1.3. Shannon İndisi (����������).................................................................... 32
2.4.1.4. Simpson İndisi........................................................................... 33
2.4.1.5. Pielou İndisi (J') ......................................................................... 33
3. DENEYSEL ÇALIŞMALAR........................................................................... 33
3.1. Kullanılan Veriler .................................................................................... 33
3.1.1. Türkiye Üreyen Kuş Atlası Verisi ve Düzenlenmesi......................... 34
3.1.2. İklim Bileşenleri ve Oluşturulan Veri ................................................ 38
3.1.3. Arazi Kullanım Özellikleri ve Oluşturulan Veri ................................. 39
3.1.4. Yükseklik Özellikleri ve Oluşturulan Veri ......................................... 39
3.2. İstatistiksel Analizler ............................................................................... 40
3.2.1. Tek Yönlü Tek Değişkenli Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) ...................... 41
3.2.2. Temel Bileşenler Analizi (TBA) ........................................................ 44
3.2.3. Genelleştirilmiş Doğrusal Model (GDM) .......................................... 45
3.2.4. Model Seçimi ve Model Seçim Yöntemleri ...................................... 45
3.2.5. Seçilen Modellerin Sonuçlarının Yorumlanması .............................. 46
3.2.6. Açıklanan Varyansın Yüzdesinin Hesaplanması ............................. 47
4. SONUÇLAR VE TARTIŞMA......................................................................... 48
4.1. Tek Yönlü Tek Değişkenli Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) Sonuçları ............. 48
4.2. Temel Bileşenler Analizi (TBA) Sonucu ................................................. 63
4.3. Genelleştirilmiş Doğrusal Model (GDM) Sonuçları ................................. 68
4.3.1. 1x1 km’lik Karedeki Toplam Tür Sayısı (S) Zenginlik İndisi Değişkeni
için Sonuçlar ve Tartışma ................................................................ 69
4.3.2. Margalef Zenginlik İndisi (D) Değişkeni için Sonuçlar ve Tartışma .. 75
4.3.3. Shannon Çeşitlilik İndisi (����������) Değişkeni için Sonuçlar ve Tartışma .. 78
4.3.4. Simpson Baskınlık İndisi Değişkeni için Sonuçlar ve Tartışma........ 83
4.4. Açıklanan Varyasyon Yüzdesi Hesaplamalarının Sonuçları................... 86
ix
4.5. Türkiye’deki Kuş Türlerinin Kırmızı Liste Durumları ve Ekobölgelerdeki
Dağılımları ..............................................................................................90
5. YORUM .........................................................................................................93
6. KAYNAKLAR ................................................................................................. 95
EKLER ............................................................................................................107
EK 1 – Türkiye Üreyen Kuş Atlası Çalışmasında Kaydedilen Türler............107
EK 2 – Türkiye Üreyen Kuş Atlası Çalışmasında Kuş Gözlemi Yapılan
Habitatlar .........................................................................................113
EK 3 – Tez Çalışması Orjinallik Raporu ......................................................114
ÖZGEÇMİŞ .....................................................................................................115Bu tez kapsamında Türkiye’nin zengin habitat çeşitliliğinin bir sonucu olarak
üreme döneminde kaydedilen kuş türlerinin bulundukları habitatlarda nasıl bir
komünite yapısına sahip oldukları incelenmiştir. Komünite yapısının
anlaşılmasını sağlayan zenginlik ve çeşitlilik indisleri hipotez testi için
kullanılmıştır. Türkiye Üreyen Kuş Atlası çalışmasında toplanan üreyen kuş
türlerine ait veri analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Bu veri, bir saat süre ile büyüklüğü
yaklaşık 1x1 km’lik kare olan 764 farklı alanda yapılan kuş gözlem listelerini içerir.
Bu gözlem listeleri tür sayısı ve birey sayısı içerdikleri için önemlidir. Kuşların
üreme ve göç dönemi olan Mart-Temmuz aylarında toplanmış olan dağılım ve
bolluk verisini içeren gözlem kayıtları, zenginlik ve çeşitlilik indisleri olan birim
alandaki toplam tür sayısının (S), Margalef indisinin (D), Shannon indisinin (H')
ii
ve Simpson indisinin hesaplanmasında kullanılmıştır. İndis değişkenleri
istatistiksel analizlerde bağımlı değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu indis
değişkenleri ile kuş türü zenginliği (S) ve (D), çeşitliliği (H') ve tür baskınlığı
bakımından Türkiye genelinde nasıl bir varyasyon olduğu araştırılmıştır.
Araştırmanın bu adımı için 764 kuş gözlem listesi bulundukları ekobölgelere göre
12 gruba ayrılmıştır. Bu gruplar istatistiksel analizlerle ikili karşılaştırmalar
yapmak için kullanılmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’nin kıyı bölgesinin ve kuzey batısının dışında bulunan
ormanlardaki (S), (H') ve tür baskınlığının anlamlı ölçüde farklı olduğu
anlaşılmıştır. İnsan faaliyetlerinin yoğun olarak görüldüğü ekobölgelerde (S), (D),
(H') ve tür baskınlığının anlamlı ölçüde düşük değerler aldığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Enlem, boylam, arazi kullanım özellikleri, yükseklik ve iklim parametrelerinin
bulunduğu genelleştirilmiş doğrusal modeller (GDM) kurularak kuş
komünitelerinin yapısını belirleyen kuş habitat ilişkileri araştırılmıştır.
Bu tez, üreyen kuş türlerinin dağılım ve bolluk verisini kullanarak türlerin
bulundukları habitat özelliklerinin biyoçeşitliliğe olan etkisini Türkiye ölçeğinde
inceleyen bir çalışmadır. Ekobölgelerin kuş komüniteleri bakımından nasıl bir
farklılaşma gösterdiklerini tartıştığı için ayrıca önemli bir çalışmadır
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
