1,721,225 research outputs found
Strategies for controlling rates of inbreeding in MOET nucleus schemes for beef cattle
Get PDFA closed MOET (multiple ovulation and embryo transfer) nucleus scheme, with overlapping generations, was modelled for beef cattle by stochastic simulation. Selection was carried out for 25 years on a trait measurable in both sexes and with a heritability of 0.35. Different strategies to control the fate of inbreeding were investigated: 1) decreasing female selection intensity whilst keeping the number of donors constant; 2) culling selected animals after having been used for a period of time; 3) using more donors; 4) using factorial mating designs; and 5) selecting on modified indexes. Comparisons among different schemes were made on the basis of equal number of transfers per year. Strategies 1, 2, and 3 reduced inbreeding but also reduced response. When the schemes were compared at the same level of inbreeding, culling of animals gave higher rates of genetic progress than decreasing selection intensity. Factorial designs decreased the rate of inbreeding by up to 19% in comparison with nested designs, with no effect on response. The most successful strategies were those that reduced the emphasis on family information in the selection criterion and especially selection on estimated breeding values obtained by BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) using a deliberately increased heritability. With this method, it was possible to reduce inbreeding by up to 30% without affecting genetic progress. The reduction in inbreeding with different raised heritabilities averaged 42% and ranged from 26 to 61%. Under all the strategies studied to control inbreeding, proportional reductions in rates of inbreeding were always higher than those in genetic response
Peoples' Tribunals, Women's Courts and International Crimes of Sexual Violence
No full textThis chapter compares peoples' tribunals with women's courts, focussing on international crimes of sexual violence.International criminal law has been the focus of much feminist activism and contestation to the extent that it has been claimed that 'feminism rules'. At the same time, unofficial or peoples' tribunals and women's courts - civil society initiatives - continue to proliferate. This chapter examines the treatment of international crimes of sexual violence by peoples' tribunals through a focus on the former Yugoslavia. It explores two key questions. First, what do peoples' tribunals offer to victim-survivors of international crimes of sexual violence that is lacking in official courts? Second, to what extent do 'mainstream' peoples' tribunals suffer from the same defects as official courts, thereby rendering 'women's tribunals' necessary
Reflections on the Past and Future of International Peoples' Tribunals
No full textIn this chapter we draw together the major themes of the essays and reflect on the future of peoples' tribunals. The chapter engages with three substantive questions. First, to what extent are the peoples' tribunals discussed here representative of international peoples' tribunals more generally? Second, what is the relationship between peoples' tribunals, social movements and international law? Third, what impact do peoples' tribunals have on the implementation and development of international law
International Peoples' Tribunals: Their Nature, Practice and Significance
No full textThis chapter by the editors provides a tour d'horizon of the phenomenon of international peoples' tribunals from their emergence on the stage in the late 1960s to the present. We explore the nature, composition, normative frameworks, legitimacy, impact and special contributions that peoples' tribunals have made to the development of a just international order and the implementation of human rights guarantees
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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