1,720,967 research outputs found
Cancer incidence and cancer-attributable mortality among persons with AIDS in the United States: 1980-2006
No full textContext: Profound immune suppression is the hallmark of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the principal sequela of chronic HIV disease is progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are over half a million people living with AIDS in the U.S. today and many more with HIV infection who have yet to develop AIDS. HIV-associated immune deficiency, coinfection with oncogenic viruses and elevated prevalences of smoking and alcohol use, place persons with HIV/AIDS at increased risk for a number of cancers. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), widely available since 1996, results in partial immune restoration among persons with HIV/AIDS. Concurrent with increased HAART use, declines in AIDS-related mortality and in the incidence of some cancers have been observed. However, as survival increases among persons with AIDS, little is known about their long-term cancer risk. Further, as rates of AIDS-related deaths decline, cancers may emerge increasingly important sources of mortality in this aging population.
Specific Aims: The aims of this dissertation were to: (1) determine cancer risk among persons with longstanding AIDS in years 3-5 and years 6-10 after AIDS onset, (2) to evaluate the impact of HAART on cancer incidence in years 3-10 after AIDS onset, (3) to quantify the cumulative incidence of AIDS-defining cancer and non-AIDS-defining cancer, controlling for trends in mortality, and (4) to determine the fraction of deaths among persons with AIDS attributable to cancer.
Design, Setting, and Patients: Data from the population-based U.S. HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study (HACM) were used to address the aims of this dissertation. Records of persons with HIV/AIDS in surveillance registries from 9 states and 6 metropolitan areas (diagnosed during 1980-2008) were linked to corresponding cancer registry records using a probabilistic matching algorithm. Records were linked on demographic characteristics which were assigned a weight to represent their importance. AIDS onset date was recorded according to the 1993 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance case definition. Incident, invasive cancers were coded according to the International Classification for Diseases for Oncology (third edition). Subsequent to the match, all identifying information was removed. For Aims 1 and 2, we constructed a cohort of 263,254 adults and adolescents with AIDS (diagnosed during 1980-2004) and evaluated incident cancers occurring during years 3-5 and 6-10 after AIDS onset. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) assessed risks relative to the general population. Rate ratios (RRs) derived from Poisson regression compared cancer incidence before and after 1996 to assess the impact of HAART. For Aims 3 and 4, we constructed a cohort of 372,364 adults and adolescents with AIDS who were alive, caner-free, and under follow-up for cancer at the start of the fourth month after AIDS onset. We used competing risk methods to determine cumulative incidence of cancer (AIDS-defining cancers [ADCs] and non-AIDS-defining cancers [NADCs]) and Cox regression to estimate cancer-attributable mortality across 3 calendar periods (AIDS onset in 1980-1989, 1990-1995, and 1996-2006).
Results: Aims 1 and 2 demonstrated risks of ADCs (Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer) were significantly elevated during 3-5 and 6-10 years after AIDS, and incidence of Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma declined significantly between the pre-HAART (1990-1995) and HAART era (1996-2006). Other cancers with elevated risks in the 3-5 and 6-10 year periods, respectively, were cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx (SIR 1.9 95%CI 1.6-2.1, and SIR 1.8 95%CI 1.5-2.1) and anus (SIR 27 95%CI 24-31, and SIR 40 95%CI 35-45), and Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR 9.1 95%CI 7.8-11, and SIR 12 95%CI 9.7-14). Between 1990-1995 and 1996-2006, incidence increased for anal cancer (RR 2.9 95%CI 2.1-4.0) and Hodgkin lymphoma (RR 2.0 95%CI 1.3-2.9). Aims 3 and 4 demonstrated cumulative incidence of ADCs declined across AIDS calendar periods (from 8.7% among persons diagnosed with AIDS during 1980-1989 to 6.4% among persons diagnosed with AIDS during 1990-1995 to 2.1% among persons diagnosed with AIDS during 1996-2006). Cumulative incidence of NADCs increased from 0.86% in 1980-1989 to 1.1% in 1990-1995 with little change thereafter (1.0%, 1996-2006). However, the cumulative incidence of some site-specific NADCs (anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, liver cancer and lung cancer) increased. Among those with AIDS and cancer, cancer-attributable mortality increased to 88.3% (ADC) and 87.1% (NADC) during 1996-2006, and population-attributable NADC mortality increased to 2.3% (1996-2006). Population-attributable ADC mortality decreased from 6.3% (1990-1995) to 3.9% (1996-2006).
Conclusions: Among people who survived an AIDS diagnosis for several years or more, we observed continuing risks of ADCs and elevated long-term risks for selected NADCs, notably anal cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma. We also noted dramatically declining incidence of ADCs and increases in some NADCs, while controlling for temporal trends in mortality using competing risk methods. Among people with AIDS who develop cancer, their malignancy is the predominant cause of death, pointing to the need for more effective cancer treatment in this population. Further, NADCs account for a growing fraction of all deaths among persons diagnosed with AIDS in the HAART era. Continued monitoring of long-term cancer risk among persons with AIDS is warranted and should be extended to include persons with HIV infection alone. As HIV infection is increasingly considered with chronic disease management paradigms, greater attention should be focused on cancer screening and prevention strategies among person with HIV/AIDS.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Edgar P. Simar
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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