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Reconnoitering the pre-colonial chiefdoms and the emergence of social complexity in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
No full textSubmission note: A thesis submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Archaeology & History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria
LAND AND CULTURE AS SYMBOLS OF REMEMBRANCE, ANCESTRY, RITUALS AND INITIATIONS THE CASE OF KIHAMBA, KYUNGU AND KIFUNYI AMONG THE CHAGGA OF KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA
Get PDFKyungu[1] and Kifunyi[2] are revered places for any Chagga family. It is located within a Chagga Kihamba and is believed to be the origin or first settlement of the clan, marked by the presence of a significant tree and traditional Chagga sacred plant—isale. Within the Kyungu and Kifunyi landscapes, one finds a scatter of material remains, including potsherds, bones, bottles and pieces of clothes. These material cultures and local narratives signify spiritual practices, rituals and remembrance ceremonies around the Kyungu and Kifunyi area. Elders and spiritual leaders meet under Kyungu to perform such rituals and other related ceremonies to remember clan ancestors and ask for ancestral interventions to resolve hunger, droughts and other natural calamities. Following these community—Kyungu and Kifunyi interactions, the landscape in which isale forms a part has acquired a special status serving as a medium through which the living communicates with the dead. Although there is a slight alteration in the performance and continuation of these practices due to the invention of modern religions such as Christianity, these activities continue to take place under and around these spots. The community still cherish and maintains these places as heritage and a connector between the dead and the living. Against this background, this paper seeks to show how land and culture among the Chagga of Kilimanjaro, NE Tanzania are markers of deep-time spirituality and human-environment interactions. This paper argues that land and culture are both symbols and means of identity creation in which social relations between ancestors, the living and even the environment are constructed and prosper. For consistency, this paper uses Kyungu and Kifunyi. [1] Sometimes known as Kiungu or Kyungu [2] Sometimes known as Mbuoni, Mbuonyi, Kifuunyi or Ukuuny
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Community-based approaches in the construction and management of water infrastructures among the Chagga, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Get PDFDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: While some of the ethnographic data is unavailable due to privacy or
ethical restrictions, the data used in this paper is archived with Figshare (https://figshare.com/,
accessed on 22 December 2022) and is accessible upon request. The original GIS images of the
mapping done for this research is archived at the GIS Laboratory at, Stella Maris Mutwara University
College, Tanzania.Water management among the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro has involved community
collaboration in the construction, ownership and management of water infrastructures. Since the
second half of the secondmillenniumAD, the Chagga settlement on the lower slopes ofMt Kilimanjaro
significantly transformed the landscape to reflect an agrarian society characterised by decentralised
forms of socio-political and economic organisation. Such organisation involved conception, construction,
and post-construction management of water distribution systems, synonymous with high levels
of socio-political complexity. The study employs ethnography and archaeological surveys to document
the construction of water infrastructures on the lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. An ethnographic
survey among Chagga elders generated primary data on water furrow construction. This information
was then used to aid archaeological surveys in mapping irrigation furrows (mfongo) in the lower
slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. The ethnography also provided data on how Chagga chiefs and clan leaders
governed the construction, use and maintenance of water infrastructures in the past. Such approaches
highlighted Chagga lived experiences of traditional irrigation technologies and infrastructures and
how these developed a complex agrarian society. Results show that community collaboration was key
in the management of water infrastructure vital for their home gardens, and this sustained Chagga
society for centuries.African Humanities Program postdoctoral fellowship grant and the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Competitive Program grant for Rated Researchers (CPRR). The APC was funded by the University of Pretoria.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/landAnthropology and ArchaeologySDG-06:Clean water and sanitatio
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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