1,720,961 research outputs found
Reach on sound: A key to object permanence in visually impaired children.
No full textBACKGROUND: The capacity to reach an object presented through sound clue indicates, in the blind child, the acquisition of object permanence and gives information over his/her cognitive development.
AIM: To assess cognitive development in congenitally blind children with or without multiple disabilities.
STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study.
SUBJECTS: Thirty-seven congenitally blind subjects (17 with associated multiple disabilities, 20 mainly blind) were enrolled.
OUTCOME MEASURES: We used Bigelow's protocol to evaluate "reach on sound" capacity over time (at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months), and a battery of clinical, neurophysiological and cognitive instruments to assess clinical features.
RESULTS: Tasks n.1 to 5 were acquired by most of the mainly blind children by 12 months of age. Task 6 coincided with a drop in performance, and the acquisition of the subsequent tasks showed a less agehomogeneous pattern. In blind children with multiple disabilities, task acquisition rates were lower, with the curves dipping in relation to the more complex tasks.
CONCLUSIONS: The mainly blind subjects managed to overcome Fraiberg's "conceptual problem"--i.e., they acquired the ability to attribute an external object with identity and substance even when it manifested its presence through sound only--and thus developed the ability to reach an object presented through sound. Instead, most of the blind children with multiple disabilities presented poor performances on the "reach on sound" protocol and were unable, before 36 months of age, to develop the strategies needed to resolve Fraiberg's "conceptual problem
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Neuro-ophthalmological disorders in cerebral palsy: ophthalmological, oculomotor, and visual aspects.
No full textAIM Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a disorder caused by damage to the retrogeniculate visual
pathways. Cerebral palsy (CP) and CVI share a common origin: 60 to 70% of children with CP also
have CVI.We set out to describe visual dysfunction in children with CP. A further aim was to establish
whether different types of CP are associated with different patterns of visual involvement.
METHODS A total of 129 patients (54 females, 75males;mean age 4y 6mo, SD 3y 5mo; range
3mo???15y) with CP (51 with diplegia, 61 with tetraplegia, and 17 with hemiplegia; 62 [48%] of participants
were able to walk) and CVI enrolled at the Centre of Child Neuro-ophthalmology (at the
Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS ???C. Mondino Institute of Neurology???, University
of Pavia) underwent an assessment protocol including neurological examination, developmental
and ??? or cognitive assessment, neuro-ophthalmological evaluation including
ophthalmological assessment, evaluation of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, optokinetic nystagmus,
visual field and stereopsis, and neuroradiological investigations.
RESULTS Visual dysfunction in diplegia was characterizedmainly by refractive errors (75% of
patients), strabismus (90%), abnormal saccadic movements (86%), and reduced visual acuity
(82%). The participants with hemiplegia showed strabismus (71%) and refractive errors (88%);
oculomotor involvement was less frequent (59%). This group had the largest percentage of
patients with altered visual field (64%). Children with tetraplegia showed a severe neuroophthalmological
profile, characterized by ocular abnormalities (98%), oculomotor dysfunction
(100%), and reduced visual acuity (98%).
INTERPRETATION Neuro-ophthalmological disorders are one of themain symptoms in CP.
Each clinical type of CP is associated with a distinct neuro-ophthalmological profile. Early and
careful neuro-ophthalmological assessment of children with CP is essential for an accurate
diagnosis and for personalized rehabilitation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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