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Knygų prekybininkas kaip kultūros agentas: knygų prekyba Estijoje XIX amžiaus antrojoje pusėje ir XX amžiaus pradžioje
Get PDFThe article handles general developments and changes in book trade which took place in Estonia during the second half of the 19th century. The aim is to show the formation of bookshops trading with Estonian books and to analyse the activities of Estonian booksellers.
The survey is based on the research literature and on the master thesis by Signe Jantson "Raamatukaubandus Eestis aastatel 1850–1917: raamatukauplused ja nende omanikud" (Book trade in Estonia 1850–1917: bookshops and their owners) [9]. In this study, great importance was attached to the national and social origin of bookshop owners and their activities.
Up to the middle of the 19th century, the book production and dissemination in Estonia was in the hands of Baltic German entrepreneurs and depended on the political and economic developments not only in Russia but also in Germany.
In the middle of the 19th century, there were only 5 bookshops in Estonia located in bigger towns – Tallinn and Tartu. In 1870 the number of bookshops reached 13. The greater ascent can be noticed in the last decade of the period – 1870–1880 when 20 new bookshops were opened.
In 1867 Heinrich Laakmann, a German origin publisher and the printing shop owner, opened the first bookshop in Tartu to sell Estonian language books. The economic and political reforms as well as the national awakening movement favoured the engagement of Estonians in the sphere of book production and dissemination. Increasing publishing of Estonian language books enabled the development of trade. At the end of the national awakening period most of the bookshop owners were already of Estonian origin.
Since the 1870s the number of Estonian bookshops started to grow, and at the end of the 19th century they outnumbered German and Russian shops. All over Europe book trade concentrated into the big cities (in the case of Estonia, in Tallinn and Tartu), but bookshops were opened also in the rural area (small towns and villages).
Altogether 263 bookshops were founded in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, and 283 persons became bookshop owners (at least for some years). These figures allow to conclude that book trade was a popular sphere of activity. The most intensive foundation of bookshops occurred during 1898–1904.Straipsnis skiriamas Estijos knygų prekybos plėtrai ir pokyčiams XIX amžiaus antrojoje pusėje. Tikslas – atskleisti knygynų, parduodančių estiškas knygas, steigimąsi ir išanalizuoti Estijos knygų prekybininkų veiklą.
Apžvalga parengta remiantis moksline literatūra ir Signe Jantson magistro darbu „Raamatukaubandus Eestis aastatel 1850–1917: raamatukauplused ja nende omanikud" (Knygų prekyba Estijoje 1850–1917 metais: knygynai ir jų savininkai) (9). Šioje studijoje daug dėmesio skiriama nacionalinei ir socialinei knygynų savininkų kilmei bei jų veiklai.
Iki XIX amžiaus vidurio knygų gamyba ir platinimas Estijoje buvo Baltijos vokiečių verslininkų rankose ir priklausė ne tik nuo Rusijos, bet ir nuo Vokietijos politinių ir ekonominių pokyčių.
XIX amžiaus viduryje didesniuose Estijos miestuose – Taline ir Tartu – buvo penki knygynai. 1870 m. knygynų skaičius išaugo iki trylikos. Sparčiau jų daugėjo 1870–1890 metais, kai atsidarė net 20 naujų knygynų. 1867 metais Heinrichas Laakmannas, vokiečių kilmės leidėjas ir spaustuvės savininkas, Tartu atidarė pirmąjį knygyną, prekiavusį estiškomis knygomis. Ekonominės ir politinės reformos, bundantis nacionalinis sąjūdis skatino estus dalyvauti knygų gamyboje ir platinime. Daugėjant knygų estų kalba ėmė plėtotis ir prekyba. Nacionalinio sąjūdžio laikotarpio pabaigoje dauguma knygynų savininkų jau buvo estų kilmės.
Nuo XIX a. aštuntojo dešimtmečio pradėjo augti estiškų knygynų skaičius ir XIX a. pabaigoje jų jau buvo daugiau negu vokiškų ir rusiškų. Visoje Europoje knygų prekyba telkėsi dideliuose miestuose (Estijoje – Taline ir Tartu), bet knygynų veikė ir kaimo vietovėse (mažuose miestuose ir kaimuose).
XIX a. antrojoje pusėje iš viso buvo įsteigti 263 knygynai, ir XX a. pradžioje 283 žmonės tapo knygynų savininkais (bent keleriems metams). Intensyviausias knygynų steigimo laikotarpis buvo 1898–1904 metai.
Gauti leidimą steigti knygyną teisiškai nebuvo sunku, bet tik nedaugelis knygynų (31 proc.) veikė ilgiau negu dešimtmetį. Maži knygynai dažniausiai gyvuodavo penkerius metus. Knygų prekyba negarantuodavo pakankamų pajamų, todėl knygynų savininkai darbuodavosi ir kitose srityse, paprastai knygų gamybos ir leidybos. Dauguma knygynų savininkų estų buvo kilę iš valstiečių šeimų ir tapo pirmąja knygininkų karta. Naujokai neturėjo nei pakankamo išsilavinimo, nei šio darbo patirties.
Didžiausias to laikotarpio laimėjimas – tai, kad knygynai buvo atidaryti visoje Estijoje ir garantavo knygų estų kalba platinimą įvairiuose visuomenės sluoksniuose
Friedrich Puksoo 114. sünniaastapäeva tähistav ettekandepäev "Raamatu aeg"
Get PDF● Pagulasraamat eesti kultuuripildis / Anne Valmas
● Raamatukaubandusest Eestis 19. saj. II poolel / Signe Jantson
● Helmi Masing - elutee tähiseid / Marje Aasmets
● Raamatuloolane Kyra Robert / Gerli Kangur
● Veel üks katse portreteerida Udo Ivaskit / Malle Erme
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC): Applicable Methods for University Libraries?
No full textObjective – This article provides an overview of how university libraries research and adapt new cost accounting models, such as “activity-based costing” (ABC) and “time-driven activity-based costing” (TDABC), focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of both methods to determine which of these two is suitable for application in university libraries.Methods – This paper reviews and summarizes the literature on cost accounting and costing practices of university libraries. A brief overview of the history of cost accounting, costing, and time and motion studies in libraries is also provided. The ABC and the TDABC method, designed as a revised and easier version of the ABC by Kaplan and Anderson (Kaplan & Anderson 2004) at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the adoption and adaptation of these methods by university libraries are described, and their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their suitability for university libraries, are analyzed. Results – Cost accounting and costing studies in libraries have a long history, the first of these dating back to 1877. The development of cost accounting and time and motion studies can be seen as a natural evolution of techniques which were created to solve management problems. The ABC method is the best-known management accounting innovation of the last 20 years, and is already widely used in university libraries around the world. However, setting up an ABC system can be very costly, and the system needs to be regularly updated, which further increases its costs. The TDABC system can not only be implemented more quickly (and thus more cheaply), but also can be updated more easily than the traditional ABC, which makes the TDABC the more suitable method for university libraries.Conclusion – Both methods are suitable for university libraries. However, the ABC method can only be implemented in collaboration with an accounting department. The TDABC method can be tested and implemented by separate departments, and thus can contribute to the provision of better and more effective library services at lower costs. However, the involvement of experts in costing and accounting is recommended
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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