130,562 research outputs found
Sibon
No full textKey to the Lower Central American species of Sibon 1 Seventeen rows of dorsal scales at midbody and 15 rows one head length anterior to cloaca; dorsal scale rows changing orientation from the sides of body towards middorsum................................. Sibon perissostichon (Fig. 5 E) - Thirteen or 15 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, usually without reduction on posterior portion of body; dorsal scale rows oriented longitudinally................................................................................. 2 2 Thirteen dorsal rows, both at midbody and one head length anterior to cloaca (very rarely 15 rows at midbody, but then 13 both one head length posterior to head and anterior to cloaca); coral snake-like pattern of alternating light and dark rings................................................................................................ Sibon anthracops - Fifteen dorsal rows, both at midbody and one head length anterior to cloaca....................................... 3 3 Five supralabials; only one supralabial posterior to orbit, this ultimate one with a higher anterior and a lower posterior portion (Fig. 2 A); coral snake-like pattern of alternating light and dark rings (Fig. 1)......................... Sibon noalamina - Six or (in most cases) more supralabials, two supralabials posterior to orbit, with the penultimate one greatly enlarged; coloration variable, but no conspicuous coral snake-like pattern of alternating light and dark rings (for example Figs. 5 A–D) 4 4 Enlarged penultimate supralabial usually in contact with eye; dorsal ground color greenish, with an ocellated or blotched rather than a banded or striped pattern; these dark dorsal markings reach at most to outer edges of ventrals, although dark shading or mottling may be present on venter........................................................................ 5 - Enlarged penultimate supralabial usually not in contact with eye; dorsal color pattern banded or striped rather than ocellate or blotched; these dark dorsal markings reach well onto venter or even across venter.................................. 6 5 181–201 ventrals; 112–121 subcaudals; body very slender; head blunt and very distinct from neck; eyes conspicuously large and protuberant.............................................................................. Sibon argus - 147–173 ventrals; 80–106 subcaudals; body rather stout; snout acuminate, head gradually narrowing towards neck; eyes not conspicuously large, nonprotuberant................................................. Sibon longifrenis (Fig. 5 C) 6 First infralabials in contact with each other behind the mental.............................. Sibon nebulatus (Fig. 5 D) - First infralabials separated from each other by one or two postmentals behind the mental............................. 7 7 Bands dark brown ventrally; laterally, their centers are of a paler brown, which is paler than their borders or the interspaces between the bands; usually a single postmental................................................. Sibon dimidiatus - Bands dark brown ventrally and laterally, their centers not paler brown than their borders laterally, and darker than interspaces; one or two postmentals present........................................................................... 8 8 Dorsal surface of head with green or yellow as well as red and black markings; ground color of body green; 162–171 ventrals; 77–119 subcaudals........................................................................... Sibon lamari - Dorsal surface of head with pale and dark brown markings; ground color of body usually olive to pale brown; 161–193 ventrals; 103–135 subcaudals..................................................... Sibon annulatus (Figs. 5 A–B)Published as part of Lotzkat, Sebastian, Hertz, Andreas & Köhler, Gunther, 2012, A new species of Sibon (Squamata: Colubroidea: Dipsadidae) from the Cordillera Central of western Panama, with comments on other species of the genus in the area, pp. 26-40 in Zootaxa 3485 on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3485.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/20886
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Sibon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from Southwestern Colombia
No full textFIGURE 5. Snail-eaters from Parque Nacional Natural Munchique: (A) Sibon ayerbeorum (paratype MHNUC-He-Se-000660), (B) Sibon nebulatus (MHNUC-He-Se-000656), (C) Dipsas sanctijoannis (not collected), and (D) D. temporalis (MHNUC-He- Se-000654).Published as part of Vera-Pérez, Luis Enrique, 2019, A new species of Sibon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from Southwestern Colombia, pp. 443-453 in Zootaxa 4701 (5) on page 450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4701.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/355939
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Sibon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from Southwestern Colombia
No full textFIGURE 4. Paratype MHNUC-He-Se-000660 of Sibon ayerbeorum foraging on vegetation (A) and forming a flattened and coiled posture upon capture (B), and holotype MHNUC-He-Se-000659 hiding its head during the day (C-D).Published as part of Vera-Pérez, Luis Enrique, 2019, A new species of Sibon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from Southwestern Colombia, pp. 443-453 in Zootaxa 4701 (5) on page 450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4701.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/355939
Sibon noalamina, sp. nov.
No full textSibon noalamina sp. nov. Figs. 1–3 Dipsas articulata: Köhler (2008: p. 219: Fig. 592); Stadler (2010); Carrizo (2010: in part, referring to Stadler 2010) Holotype. SMF 91539 (original field number SL 775; Figs. 1 A–C, 2–3), adult male, from headwaters of Río Chiriquí Malí, approximately 6.4 km NW Fortuna dam (8.7891 °N, 82.2155 °W, 1050 m), Bosque Protector Palo Seco, Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé (formerly province of Bocas del Toro), Panama; collected by Andreas Hertz and Sebastian Lotzkat on 10 August 2010. Paratypes. SMF 90180 (original field number SL 494; Fig 1 D), juvenile male, same locality as holotype; collected by Andreas Hertz and Sebastian Lotzkat on 29 October 2009; SMF 89550 (original field number LSt 015; Fig 1 E), juvenile, from Cerro Mariposa near Alto de Piedra, approx. 3.5 km W of Santa Fé, 8.5001 °N, 81.1170 °W, 1260 m, province of Veraguas, Panama; collected by Sebastian Lotzkat and Andreas Hertz on 28 May 2008. Diagnosis. Sibon noalamina differs from all described species of Sibon, and from all other Central American snail-eaters, in its slight keeling on the third to fifth dorsal row at midbody in adults, and, most obviously, in having only five supralabials, with the fifth and ultimate one being the only supralabial posterior to the orbit (versus two supralabials posterior to orbit in all other species of Sibon) and exhibiting a peculiar shape: Its anterior portion is almost twice as high as the remaining supralabials, resembling the enlarged penultimate supralabial of other Sibon. Then it decreases in height towards the posterior portion that is about as high as the third supralabial, resembling the ultimate, usually moderately-sized, supralabial of other Sibon. Additionally, its contrasting color pattern of complete dark rings on light background distinguishes S. noalamina from all Lower Central American Sibon except S. anthracops (Cope), from which it differs by having 15 dorsal rows throughout the body (vs. 13 in S. anthracops). At first sight, especially the more contrastingly colored juveniles of the new species might be confused with the coral snake-mimics Dipsas articulata, D. bicolor (Günther), D. temporalis (Werner), or D. viguieri (Bocourt). From these, S. noalamina is distinguished by the presence of a mental groove (lacking in the genus Dipsas), lower ventral counts (164–177 vs. 196–217 in D. articulata, 186–199 in D. bicolor, 170–208 in D. temporalis, and 190–203 in D. viguieri), the unique supralabial condition (5 supralabials with only the ultimate, peculiarly shaped one posterior to orbit versus 9–10 supralabials in D. articulata, 10–11 in D. bicolor, 7–8 in D. temporalis, and 9–10 in D. viguieri, all shaped similarly, with three or more, rarely two, posterior to orbit), and fewer infralabials (6–7 infralabials versus 11–12 in D. articulata, 10–11 in D. bicolor, 8–13 in D. temporalis, and 9–11 in D. viguieri). Furthermore, S. noalamina differs from D. temporalis in retaining the contrast between light and dark rings throughout body and tail (Fig. 1), whereas in D. temporalis the light portions grade into medium to dark brown posteriorly (Fig. 5 H). Description of the holotype. Adult male (Figs. 1 A–C, 2–3), as indicated by everted hemipenes; SVL 385 mm, TL 161 mm (but tail incomplete); TOL 546 mm; HL 12.4 mm; HW 8.2 mm; SL 3.5 mm. Head distinct from neck; snout short, blunt in dorsal and lateral outline; rostral wider (2.1 mm) than high (1.3 mm), not extending posteriorly between internasals, its length visible from above one fifth length of median internasal suture (1.0 mm); internasals shorter (1.1 mm) than wide (1.7 mm), their length between one half and two-thirds length of prefrontal suture (1.9 mm); prefrontals shorter (2.5 mm) than wide (2.8 mm), their median suture (2.1 mm) about three-fifths length of frontal; prefrontals bordering eye above loreal; frontal longer (3.6 mm) than wide (3.0 mm), widest anteriorly, length almost two-thirds that of parietal, in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and parietals; supraoculars longer (3.4 mm) than wide (1.7 mm), nearly as long as frontal; parietals longer (5.8 mm) than wide (3.8 mm), widest anteriorly, their median suture (4.1 mm) slightly longer than frontal; parietals in contact with frontal, supraoculars, upper postoculars, anterior and posterior temporals, and nine nuchal scales; nasal divided, in contact with first two supralabials, loreal, prefrontal, internasal, and rostral; loreal single, longer (1.9 mm) than high (1.0 mm), its length more than one-half length of snout, and two-thirds length of eye (2.8 mm); preoculars absent; postoculars 2; temporals 1 + 2 / 2 + 2, all above fifth supralabial; supralabials five, with third and fourth bordering eye (enlarged anterior portion of ultimate supralabial separated from eye by lower postocular); fifth and ultimate supralabial conspicuously long (3.9 mm), longer than combined lengths of third and fourth supralabials, with a higher (1.7 mm) anterior and a lower (1.2 mm) posterior portion; pupil vertically elliptical; eye length one and a half times length of loreal; infralabials 6, first pair in contact behind mental; no postmental; infralabials 1–4 in contact with anterior chin shields; anterior chin shields paired, longer (2.8 mm) than wide (1.3 mm), longer than posterior chin shields; posterior chin shields longer (1.9 mm) than wide (1.4 mm), paired, in broad contact medially; mental groove present; ventrals 170; cloacal scute single; subcaudals 80 (but tail incomplete), divided; ventrals plus subcaudals 250 (but tail incomplete); dorsal scales mostly smooth, but slightly keeled on dorsal rows 3–5 around midbody, striate, in 15 – 15 – 15 rows, without apical pits or supracloacal ridges; vertebral row slightly enlarged. The fully everted hemipenis (Fig. 3) is a stout unilobed capitate organ; the capitulum is covered by calyces bearing spinules; no naked pocket; the sulcus spermaticus is bordered by well-developed sulcal lips, bifurcates at the base of apex with the branches continuing onto the apex; truncus with two series of large recurved spines. Coloration in life. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of body and tail Pale Horn Color (92); body with 14, tail with eight broad Sepia (219) rings, body rings extending over 6–12 middorsal scales, narrowing towards and on venter; interspaces between these rings extending over 3–6 middorsal scales, speckled with Sepia (219) except for narrow portions immediately adjacent to the dark rings; tip of (incomplete) tail Sepia (119); dorsal and lateral surfaces of head Pale Horn Color (92), grading into Flesh Ocher (132 D) anteriorly, heavily mottled with Sepia (219); parietals, frontal, and central portions of prefrontals almost completely Sepia (219), as well as the middorsal scales of the first two transverse rows of dorsals posterior to parietals, connecting Sepia (219) coloration to first body ring; ventral surface of head Pale Horn Color (92) mottled with Sepia (219), especially on infralabials; iris Sepia (119). Color after ten months in preservative (70 % ethanol) is similar to that in life, apart from that all yellow and orange shades have faded. Variation. The juvenile paratypes (SMF 89550, Fig. 1 E; and SMF 90180, Fig. 1 D) agree well with the holotype in terms of general morphology and pholidosis (even in their tails being incomplete), differing mostly in their lack of any keels on dorsal rows 3–5 and in their somewhat more contrasting coloration. Scale counts that differ from that of the holotype are as follows: ventrals 164 (SMF 89550), 177 (SMF 90180); subcaudals 93, 96 (both tails are incomplete); ventrals plus subcaudals 257, 273 (but both tails are incomplete); temporals 1 + 2 / 1 + 2 in both, anterior temporals of both sides entering orbit between upper and lower postoculars (SMF 89550); parietals bordered posteriorly by 8 nuchal scales in both; infralabials 6 /7, 1– 5 in contact with first chin shield on left side (SMF 89550). Body measurements of the juvenile specimens are SVL 178 mm, TL 68 mm (SMF 89550), SVL 161 mm, TL 64 mm (SMF 90180). As illustrated in Fig. 1, the coloration in life of the juveniles presents a stronger contrast than that of the adult holotype. Moreover, the paratypes show variation in the relative width of dark and light rings. The latter appear most narrow in the juvenile from Veraguas (SMF 89550), which was recorded as follows (modified from Stadler 2010): Body and tail with alternating, complete dark and light rings; broader rings Jet Black (89), light rings Chamois (123 D), about half as wide as, and becoming lighter toward, the dark rings; dorsal and lateral ground color of head Jet Black (89); crescent-shaped lateral markings on posterior portion of head and small blotches on snout Chamois (123 D); ventral surfaces of head and neck Chamois (123 D) mottled with Jet Black (89); iris black. The color after 37 months in preservative (70 % ethanol) is similar to that in life, apart from that all yellow and orange shades have faded. Natural history notes. All three specimens were encountered at night on vegetation. The juvenile SMF 89550 (Fig. 1 E) from Cerro Mariposa, Veraguas, was moving through epiphytic liverworts growing on a small tree-trunk about 0.5 m above ground at 18: 40 hrs, after a rainy afternoon. The habitat may be characterized as ridgetop cloud forest with abundant epiphytic vegetation. Annual precipitation is approx. 2500 mm, mean annual temperature approx. 20.2 °C, indicating the Premontane Wet Forest life zone according to the Holdridge (1967) classification. Other snail-eaters found at lower elevations on the slopes of Cerro Mariposa are Dipsas temporalis, Sibon annulatus, S. longifrenis, and S. nebulatus. A complete list of the herpetofauna documented around Cerro Mariposa was given by Stadler (2010), who also provided extensive data on climate and vegetation. Additionally, the herpetofauna of the general Santa Fé region was treated by Martínez and Rodriguez (1994 “ 1992 ”), Martínez et al. (1995 “ 1994 ”), and Carrizo (2010), and updated by Lotzkat et al. (2010). Figure 1 D shows the juvenile SMF 90180 as it was encountered at 19: 40 hrs and 19.1 °C air temperature at the type locality: It was lying in loose coils upon a large leaf about 0.5 m above ground, in herbaceous secondary vegetation below the floodline of, and less than 10 m away from, a small stream. The holotype was found close to this stream while moving about in secondary forest, 2 m above ground at 23:00 hrs. The type locality is the valley of the mentioned stream, with rather undisturbed forest on the slope ascending northwards, minor clearings overgrown with grass and solitary trees directly by the riverside, and a more secondary forest on the slope ascending southward. Reptiles collected in this valley include Anolis capito Peters, A. humilis Peters, A. limifrons Cope, A. lionotus Cope, Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma (Noble), Imantodes cenchoa (Linnaeus), Sibon annulatus, and Bothrops asper (Garman). Annual total precipitation at the type locality is approx. 3000 mm, mean annual temperature approx. 20.6 °C, indicating the Premontane Wet Forest life zone according to the Holdridge (1967) classification. The datalogger recordings yielded a temperature range of 17.6–22.6 °C, with a mean of 19.4 °C and standard deviation ± 1.3 °C. Geographic distribution. Sibon noalamina is hitherto only known from the highlands of western Panama (Fig. 4). The two known localities lie some 125 airline km apart, roughly at either end of the easternmost uninterrupted portion of the Cordillera Central, known as Serranía de Tabasará, which is approximately delimited to the west by the Fortuna depression and has its eastern limit in the region around Santa Fé. This indicates, as a minimum, a continuous distribution of the new taxon along the Caribbean versant of the Serranía de Tabasará, at premontane elevations between 1050 and 1260 m, most of it located in the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé. Etymology. The specific epithet is a contraction of the exclamation “no a la mina!”, Spanish for “no to the mine”, in the sense of “no mining”. This affirmation was and is used by members of the indigenous Ngöbe communities living in the Serranía de Tabasará in the course of their protests against mining interests aiming to exploit their territory, especially around Cerro Colorado. The specific name is given in recognition and support of the Ngöbe’s struggle to protect their territory and environment, which is home to the new species described herein and many others, from profit-driven destructive interventions.Published as part of Lotzkat, Sebastian, Hertz, Andreas & Köhler, Gunther, 2012, A new species of Sibon (Squamata: Colubroidea: Dipsadidae) from the Cordillera Central of western Panama, with comments on other species of the genus in the area, pp. 26-40 in Zootaxa 3485 on pages 27-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3485.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/20886
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Sibon (Squamata: Colubroidea: Dipsadidae) from the Cordillera Central of western Panama, with comments on other species of the genus in the area
No full textFIGURE 5. Snail-eaters collected in western Panama: (A) Sibon annulatus (La Fortuna, SMF 88715), (B) S. annulatus (Río Changena, SMF 91578), (C) S. longifrenis (Cerro Mariposa, SMF 91581), (D) S. nebulatus (La Fortuna, SMF 90209), (E) S. perissostichon (La Fortuna, SMF 88716), (F) and (G) Dipsas articulata (Cerro Negro, SMF 89952), (H) D. temporalis (Cerro Negro, SMF 89769).Published as part of Lotzkat, Sebastian, Hertz, Andreas & Köhler, Gunther, 2012, A new species of Sibon (Squamata: Colubroidea: Dipsadidae) from the Cordillera Central of western Panama, with comments on other species of the genus in the area, pp. 26-40 in Zootaxa 3485 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20886
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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