59 research outputs found
Modeling Approach for Earthen Dam Breach Analysis in North Yamar Dam, Myanmar
No full textIn case a Dam breach occurs, it is hazardous for lives, properties and environment in downstream extents. Dam break studies are necessary for forecasting of flood disaster and evaluation of hydrological safety among dams. To investigate possible inundation extents and breach outflow, an experimental study for both overtopping and piping failures was performed in the North Yamar Lower Dam constructed across Yamar creek in Pale township of Sagaing Region. This study is to examine the applicability of hydraulics and hydrologic models, HEC-RAS (USACE Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis system) and HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System) upon Dam Break. One-dimensional HEC-RAS model was applied in collaboration with HEC-HMS model to predict the potential flood risk due to different breach modes. The extreme hydrological event such as possible maximum flood event (PMF) was considered for the overtopping breach and sunny day piping event for piping breach. Dam Breach outflow hydrographs were generated by HEC-HMS individually and imported them into HEC-RAS for downstream flood estimation. The unsteady mixed flow simulations were performed by HEC-RAS and ArcGIS (Geographic Information System) was used to produce an inundation map based on simulated water surface elevations and extents. The models were calibrated based on the historical floods happened in North Yamar Dam from 2005 to 2017. By scenario analysis for with and without emergency spillway, overtopping breach influenced on different consequences whereas piping affected not much differences. The probable peak discharge would be over 7,000 m3/s and 3,800 m3/s respectively
Assessment of the Breaching Event, Breach Parameters and Failure Mechanisms of the Spillway Collapse in the Swa Dam, Myanmar
No full textThe spillway of the Swa earthen dam, constructed in Yedashe Township, Bago Region, Myanmar, collapsed suddenly on 29 August 2018 and resulted in a huge flood to downstream areas causing fatalities and the displacement of thousands of localities. This study aimed to assess the spillway breaching process in terms of the breaching parameters such as the average breach width, failure time and peak outflow, and failure mechanisms. We analyzed the event from the changes in the study site before and after the event and used water discharge conditions from satellite data and water level records during the event. We compared the breaching parameters using empirical equations from past failed events with tested scenarios for failure mechanisms, such as overtopping and piping. According to satellite data, 97% of the storage from the reservoir was discharged, and the peak breach outflow rate was 7643 m3/s calculated from the water level records. The selected empirical formulas were applied, and the estimated average breach widths, failure times and peak discharge from the formulas were larger in overtopping and nearer in piping than that of the observed data for the Swa Dam. Thus, a concrete spillway might impact the erodibility rate of breaching compared with concrete-faced and earthen dam types
Study on Microstructural and Temperature Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Magnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4
No full textMagnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4, was prepared by solid state reaction method. Analar grade Magnesium Oxide, MgO and Ferric Oxide, Fe2O3 with stoichiometric composition were used to prepare the sample. Morphological features of the as-prepared sample were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM micrograph shows that the sample is circular shape with the grain sizes 0.10 m – 0.50 m and the samples are homogeneous. Temperature dependent electrical conductivities of the sample were investigated in the temperature range 300 K – 973 K. Experimental results show that the sample is a fast ion conductor in high temperatures
Polycrystalline Phase Formation of Magnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4 Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Methods
No full textMagnesium ferrite spinel, MgFe2O4 was prepared by conventional solid state reaction method at 1100C for 22 h in vacuum chamber. Structural and vibrational characteristics of the sample were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. Crystal structure, lattice parameters and crystallite size of the sample were examined. Vibrational characteristics and mode assignments of the sample were analyzed to investigate the polycrystalline phase formation of the sample
Characterization of Magnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4
No full textMagnesium ferrite, MgFe2O4, was prepared by solid state reaction method. Structural and vibrational characteristics of the sample were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. Morphological features of the sample were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Simultaneous Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) measurement was carried out to investigate the high temperature phases of the sample in the temperature range 303 K – 873 K (30C - 600C). Electrical conductivities and dielectric constants of the pelletized sample were investigated in the temperature range 300 K - 973 K (27C - 700C). It was found that the sample is a thermally high resistance material
Statistical Machine Translation, Ripple Down Rules and Hidden Markov Model for Burmese Romanization
No full textApplying Weighted Finite State Transducers and Ripple Down Rules for Myanmar Name Romanization
No full textOccurrence of Aphelenchoides besseyi (Christie, 1942) in Different Rice Growing Regions and Management of White Tip Disease
No full textOne hundred and eleven rice seeds samples of 79 different rice varieties were collected from five different agricultural research farms; Myaungmya, Letpadan, Naungmon, Yezin and Kyaukse in monsoon season to determine the infestation of Aphelenchoides besseyi. The observation showed that A. besseyi was found in rice seeds samples collected from five agricultural research farms. Fifty three out of 111 rice seeds samples were infested with A. besseyi ranged from 1 to 424 nematodes 100 seeds-1. Among study sites, 45% rice varieties in Myaungmya, 10% in Letpadan and 14% in Naungmon were infested with economic threshold level of 30 nematodes 100 seeds-1. Four inoculation methods of introducing nematode suspension; below the leaf sheath (T1), into four holes of soil (T2), spraying nematode suspension to the plant (T3) and dipping the rice seedlings into nematode suspension (T4) were studied to evaluate pathogenicity of A. besseyi in rice. Results showed that among tested inoculation methods, higher final nematode population was found in three methods; T4, T1 and T2 with number of 103, 59 and 47 nematodes 100 seeds-1, respectively than that of one nematode 100 seeds-1 in T3. The reactions of fifteen rice varieties which were widely cultivated throughout Myanmar to A. besseyi were assessed with inoculum level of 500 nematodes plant-1 by artificial inoculation of introducing nematode suspension into four holes of soil around the plant. Among them, Paw Hsan Yin, Sin A Kari-3 and Yadana Toe showed moderately resistant reaction while Aye Yar Min, Hnangar, Thee Dat Yin, and Hmawbi-2 were moderately susceptible and Manawthukha, Sin Thu Kha, Shwe War Tun, Sin Thwe Latt, Kyaw Zay Ya, Shwe Bo Paw Hsan, Shwethwe Yin and Shwe Yin Aye were highly susceptible to A. besseyi. Effect of different control measures such as soaking infested rice seeds in brine solution (20% NaCl) (T2), seed treated with hot water at 55°C for 30 minutes (T3), application of carbofuran (Furadun 3G with 3% Carbofuran w/w) to soil (T4), combination of seed treated with hot water at 55°C for 30 minutes and brine solution (T5) and combination of seed treated with hot water at 55°C for 30 minutes, brine solution and application of carbofuran to the soil (T6) were conducted to evaluate the effective management of white tip disease in the screen house by using the infested Lone Pu variety. The reduction percent of nematode population were found as 100% in T4, 99.9% in T6, 99.8% in T3 and 99.5% in T5 and these treatments seemed to have good effect in yield and yield components. Accordingly, it could be suggested that nematode infested seeds treated with hot water treatment alone (T3) can be used to minimize the infestation of A. besseyi and reduce the loss of grain yield
Malaria community health workers in Myanmar: a cost analysis.
No full textMyanmar has the highest malaria incidence and attributed mortality in South East Asia with limited healthcare infrastructure to manage this burden. Establishing malaria Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes is one possible strategy to improve access to malaria diagnosis and treatment, particularly in remote areas. Despite considerable donor support for implementing CHW programmes in Myanmar, the cost implications are not well understood.An ingredients based micro-costing approach was used to develop a model of the annual implementation cost of malaria CHWs in Myanmar. A cost model was constructed based on activity centres comprising of training, patient malaria services, monitoring and supervision, programme management, overheads and incentives. The model takes a provider perspective. Financial data on CHWs programmes were obtained from the 2013 financial reports of the Three Millennium Development Goal fund implementing partners that have been working on malaria control and elimination in Myanmar. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were undertaken to outline parameter uncertainty and explore changes to programme cost for key assumptions.The range of total annual costs for the support of one CHW was US$ 966-2486. The largest driver of CHW cost was monitoring and supervision (31-60 % of annual CHW cost). Other important determinants of cost included programme management (15-28 % of annual CHW cost) and patient services (6-12 % of annual CHW cost). Within patient services, malaria rapid diagnostic tests are the major contributor to cost (64 % of patient service costs).The annual cost of a malaria CHW in Myanmar varies considerably depending on the context and the design of the programme, in particular remoteness and the approach to monitoring and evaluation. The estimates provide information to policy makers and CHW programme planners in Myanmar as well as supporting economic evaluations of their cost-effectiveness
Geographic Resource Allocation Based on Cost Effectiveness: An Application to Malaria Policy
No full textHealthcare services are often provided to a country as a whole, though in many cases the available resources can be more effectively targeted to specific geographically defined populations. In the case of malaria, risk is highly geographically heterogeneous, and many interventions, such as insecticide-treated bed nets and malaria community health workers, can be targeted to populations in a way that maximises impact for the resources available. This paper describes a framework for geographically targeted budget allocation based on the principles of cost-effectiveness analysis and applied to priority setting in malaria control and elimination. The approach can be used with any underlying model able to estimate intervention costs and effects given relevant local data. Efficient geographic targeting of core malaria interventions could significantly increase the impact of the resources available, accelerating progress towards elimination. These methods may also be applicable to priority setting in other disease areas
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