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The rise and fall of the Shu-Han kingdom
No full text碩士自秦漢以降的大一統總體結構於東漢時代崩壞起，軍閥割據便成為公元二世紀末至三世紀中的常態，而曹魏、蜀漢、孫吳三王朝之所以能在公元221年各為一方偏霸，形成鼎足式的權力均衡狀態，其實正是王朝軍政首腦們策定戰略、執行戰略之後的成果。
是故本論文將以蜀漢王朝為研究主體，並揉合歷史研究、伊士頓的「政治系統理論」跟薄富爾的「總體戰略論」，建立一個歷史與戰略的綜合分析系統。隨後再根據脈絡，先探討秦漢大一統總體結構的先天缺陷，以及公元一世紀與二世紀的自然災害和人為因素如何加速東漢大一統帝國的崩解；其次指出漢末割據局面之下的環境與結構狀況，以及劉備武裝集團－－即蜀漢王朝之前身－－的成立由來；接著再探討劉備與諸葛亮如何因應環境之變化，並兼顧集團生存發展、扶匡漢室，以及恢復大一統總體結構的需求，制定集團的總體戰略，最後則透過歷史記錄，檢視王朝首腦們執行戰略的過程，同時找出王朝不能興盛的關鍵因素。
經研究後，筆者以為：蜀漢一朝之所以不能興盛，關鍵實出在於對孫吳外交關係的輕忽大意和沒有適度放緩擴張政策，以致集團奪取益州後師老軍疲，並大意失荊州。如果劉備能及時發現問題，改採穩重路線應對局面，蜀漢其實不會在他身故之後陷入長期弱勢，因而讓諸葛亮冒極大的風險進行北伐。The unification of China marked the history in Chin Dynasty and China was continued to be ruled by the empire of Han Dynasty under one regime. But in late Eastern Han Dynasty, around the end of 2nd century to the middle of the 3rd century, the unified Mainland China gradually to decline and was in an era dominated by chaotic infighting between warlords. The Three Kingdoms period preceded and the Tsao- Wei, Shu-Han, and Sun-Wu kingdoms came to power in 221 A.D., which began a time of legendary generals and advisors, whose legacies in leaderships, politics, military strategies, and foreign affairs marked an important chapter in Chinese history.
This thesis is focused on the rise and fall of Shu-Han Kingdom and the author would like to estab-lish a system of historical and strategic analysis based on approaches of historical study, "Political Sys-tems Theory" by David Easton and "Total Strategy Theory" by Andre Beaufre.
The thesis is composed in four main categories: First is the analysis of both advantages and dis-advantages of unification and standardized China; and the natural disasters and man-made calamities led to a faster fall of Eastern Han Dynasty, which ushered the growth of The Three Kingdoms period. Second part is the historical study on the foundation of warlords at the time, and Liu Bei''s rise to power. Third, the study of Liu Bei and Chu-Ko Liang''s strategies to sustain the unification of the Eastern Han Empire before its fall and the growth of Shu-Han Kingdom. Lastly, the study of Shu-Han political and military strategies, and domestic policies. Most import of all, the reasons of failing to gain power and reunite China.
In the author''s opinions, the ultimate reason for the fall of Shu-Han Kingdom laid on the careless foreign policies to Sun-Wu Kingdom and the excessive military expeditions. The loss of the State of Yi was an irrecoverable consequence for the cause. If only Liu Bei had foreseen the problems a couple of years ago, the northward expeditions, followed his death, led by Chu-Ko Liang might have changed the history in China.第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………………………… 1
第一節 研究動機 ……………………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究目的 ……………………………………………………………… 1
第三節 研究方法 ……………………………………………………………… 3
第四節 研究範圍與研究限制 …………………………………………………12
第二章 漢代大一統帝國盛衰的環境與結構因素 ………………………………13
第一節 上古中國政治一統的歷程與環境分析 ………………………………13
第二節 新興帝國的難題 ………………………………………………………18
第三節 董仲舒思想與漢代儒家思想國教化的歷程 …………………………19
第四節 「大一統」後的漢代社會 ……………………………………………26
一﹒士人思想與政治結構 ……………………………………………………26
二﹒社會階級結構 ……………………………………………………………28
三﹒經濟結構 …………………………………………………………………31
四﹒財政制度 …………………………………………………………………35
五﹒繇役制度與軍事機制 ……………………………………………………38
第五節 後漢帝國的衰敗問題探究 ……………………………………………41
一﹒東漢時代的氣候大改變 …………………………………………………42
二﹒超高頻率的大型天災 ……………………………………………………45
三﹒對羌與西南蠻夷作戰的曠日費時 ………………………………………48
第三章 後漢末至三國鼎立時期的社會政治亂局與群雄並起 …………………55
第一節 後漢末年社會總體結構的崩解與變化 ………………………………55
一﹒社會組織的全面崩潰 ……………………………………………………56
二﹒以豪強為核心的半封建社會形成 ………………………………………59
三﹒士人對漢室的信心與認同已產生鬆動 …………………………………64
第二節 導致軍閥割據局面的近因 ……………………………………………65
一﹒州牧制的實行 ……………………………………………………………66
二﹒董卓趁虛而入 ……………………………………………………………68
三﹒朝臣與董卓決裂導致了割據內戰局面 …………………………………72
第三節 軍閥割據之概況 ………………………………………………………70
一﹒膠萊地區陷入混亂 ………………………………………………………74
二﹒河北軍閥的併吞與反併吞 ………………………………………………74
三﹒并州地區的空虛與兼併 …………………………………………………78
四﹒關中涼州一片混亂 ………………………………………………………79
五﹒中原與淮河一帶的縱横 …………………………………………………81
六﹒江南獨霸一方 ……………………………………………………………83
第四節 曹操與劉備：兩個截然不同的軍事領袖 ……………………………88
第四章 蜀漢的統一戰略探微 ……………………………………………………98
第一節 劉備生涯前期難以創業的原因探討 …………………………………98
第二節 「三顧茅廬」與諸葛亮其人 …………………………………………101
第三節 「隆中對」探究：其到底能不能稱為總體戰略？ …………………104
第四節 劉備集團的大戰略……………………………………………………107
一﹒「克復漢祚，振興朝綱」的最高政治目的………………………………107
二﹒由國內地緣政治主導下的政略與外交方針 ……………………………110
三﹒軍事戰略－－「橫跨荊益」與「西出秦川，北向宛洛」的戰略意涵與路線探索……………………………………………………………………113
四﹒內政方略－－－－社會組織的重整、階級穩定的藝術與夷漢關係的粗定…………………………………………………………………………119
五﹒戰爭動員、總後勤與技術方面的支援 …………………………………132
六﹒對曹魏方面的心戰與政治戰指導原則 …………………………………155
第五章 蜀漢王朝的歷史進程與所面臨的發展難題……………………………157
第一節 荊州撤退戰與赤壁之戰：劉備勢力的生死關頭和興盛轉機 ………157
一﹒荊州撤退戰（當陽之役）…………………………………………………157
二﹒赤壁戰役 …………………………………………………………………161
第二節 第一次荊州危機與南郡入手：奠定基礎 ……………………………166
第三節 益州爭奪戰：勢力發展的十字路口 …………………………………170
一﹒巴蜀爭奪戰役 ……………………………………………………………170
二﹒漢中爭奪戰役 ……………………………………………………………176
第四節 失荊州：導因於戰略決策失誤的存亡危機 …………………………179
第五節 諸葛亮的第一次與第四次北伐：王朝奮起與衰亡的分水嶺 ………183
一﹒第一次北伐 ………………………………………………………………183
二﹒第四次北伐 ………………………………………………………………187
第六節 公元263年：三國時代終結的前奏曲 ………………………………190
第六章 結論………………………………………………………………………199
參考書目……………………………………………………………………………206學號: 690260137, 學年度: 9
Analysis report on the spatial planning of streets and lanes of Shu Han Street Community
No full textShu Han Street Community of Jiangxi Street is located in the centre of Wuhou District, Chengdu Province and there are many Tibetan resident agencies in this community. It is also close to Southwest Minzu University, People’s Government of Wuhou District, Customs Office, and Temple of Marquis Wu. Shu Han Street Community is richly populated by multiple ethnic groups and other social groups. As a community with a dense flow of people and complex population composition, the spatial planning structure of streets and lanes in residents’ lives should be analyzed in great detail. Through measured survey and questionnaire survey, we have collected objective information such as street structure and planning and subjective information such as residents’ wishes and expectations. After integrating the information obtained, we used professional knowledge of architecture, ekistics and other subjects to propose an optimization plan for three parts—streets, corners, and micro-landscapes
In vitro leaf anatomy, ex vitro photosynthetic behaviors and growth of Calathea orbifolia (Linden) Kennedy plants obtained from semi-solid medium and temporary immersion systems
No full textPolitical factions and advocacy in the post-Zhuge Liang era (234 -263 A.D.) of Shu-Han = Shu Han hou qi (234-263) de zheng zhi li liang ji qi zhu zhang
No full text
During the period from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, a time when many heroes rose up, Liu Bei stood out from the rest, invading Yizhou after the Battle of Red Cliff and establishing the Shu-Han regime under the banner of restoring the Han dynasty and using Yizhou and Hanzhong as bases.
With the defeats in Jingzhou and Yiling, and with the political forces at home, Shu- Han fell into a crisis after the death of the Liu Bei. When Zhuge Liang was in power, the conflicts between political forces were eased and the factions were temporarily united under the Northern Expedition. However, in the "post-Zhuge Liang era", his political and military successor had to face the problems between these political forces again.
This paper aims to study different aspects of the "post-Zhuge Liang era" and the stances of various political factions in Shu Han. It is also intended to review the region's unique academic culture to understand the scholars' mindset and the relationship between the reasons for their political decisions and the fate of Shu Han.
東漢末年至三國時代，是一個群雄並起的年代，當中劉備脫穎而出，於赤壁之戰後攻入益州，以復興漢室為旗號、以益州及漢中為基地，建立蜀漢政權。隨著荊州及夷陵之敗，加上國內政治力量林立，蜀漢於先主駕崩後陷入了危機。當諸葛亮執政時，在其努力之下，各政治力量間的衝突得以緩和，而派系間亦暫時被團結在北伐之下。但是於「後諸葛亮時代」，其政治以及軍事上的繼任人亦必須再次面對這些政治力量間的問題。
本文希望探討「後諸葛亮時代」中，蜀漢所面對不同範疇的問題，以及當中各政治派系的取態。同時亦希望透過研究巴蜀地區獨特的學術風氣以探知巴蜀士人的心態，並了解他們其政治決定的因由與蜀漢國運之間的關係。published_or_final_versionChinese Historical StudiesMasterMaster of Art
<Articles>Administrative Structure of Shu-han (蜀漢)
No full text劉備が蜀漢国を建てるにさいして、先ず解決を迫られた問題は、いかにして土着豪族達の協力を得るかということであつた。彼はそのために起兵当初より従つていたものも、新附のものも、皆その才能に応じて擢用した。 所で蜀漢国では、諸葛亮以来、政治の枢要を握るものは、「録尚書事」「領益州刺史」となり、「開府」を許されるのが例であつた。また蜀漢国では後漢の制を承けて尚書系統の官が重んぜられていた。さて実際に丞相或は大司馬・大将軍となつて「録尚書事・領益州刺史」を加えられ、或は尚書系統の官に任ぜられたものを考察すると、殆んどが、荊州出身者で占められている。これに対し、土着人士は地方の属官に任ぜられるものが多く、その姓を調べると、華陽国志に大姓としてあげられているものとよく一致する。このことは土着人士が中央政府において占めた地位の不遇さを物語ると共に、他方彼らが後漢以来築いて来た地方豪族としての勢力を維持しつづけていることをも示すように思う。Officials from I-chou (益州) could hardly be found in the higher officialdom in Shu-han (蜀漢) but those from Chi-chou (荊州) played a most active part in it. Most of officials, concerned with Shang-shu (尚書) as a core of Shu-han (蜀漢)'s political system, and especially the highest official, appointed to Ch'eng-sian (丞相), Ta-se-ma (大司馬) or Ta-chiang-chun (大将軍) with Lu-shang-shu-shih (録尚書事) and Ling-i-chou-tz'u-shih (領益州刺史) were not natives; contrarily, most of natives from I-chou (益州) were appointed to subordinate coun-try-officicals whose surname just coincided with the list of great surname in Hua-yang-kuo-chih (華陽国志) compiled in the Chin (晋) dynasty. Generally, not neccesarily in the Szechwan (四川) district, nobles powerful clans in the Period of the South and North were in their growing period roughly after the Later Han (後漢) dynasty. One of the main reasons why they became to be powerful clans was to be in close contact with politics as subordinate country-officials. For these facts, however low their position in the state government might be native from I-chou (益州) under the Shu-han (蜀漢) administration are thought to have still been able to keep or develop their influence as powerful clans which they tried to put up since the Later Han (後漢) dynasty
Modification and regulation of biomolecules in vitro and in silico
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-01Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 98720
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemThe focus in functional and dynamics studies of biomolecules, such as protein or DNA, has been very much on their own structures and energy landscapes. However, in real biological systems, biomolecules are usually modified or regulated by several external factors, including surface coating, hydration condition, and local environment. For example, by covalently coupling a Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on a protein surface, the stability of the host protein could be largely enhanced. This method, called PEGylation, has been widely used in pharmaceutical industry to protect protein drugs and increase their circulation life-time since the 1990s. However, the mechanism of protein-PEG interaction is yet to be understood.
On the other hand, in developing one of the advanced DNA sequencing techniques --- nanopore sequencing, different mechanisms have been introduced to the nanopore system to regulate the conformation and motion of DNA molecules, attempting to achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio in reading DNA sequence.
This dissertation aims to study the above two topics from both experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The first part focuses on developing nanopore sequencing techniques. We have developed a method combining continuum modeling results of a nano-scale system and a coarse-grained DNA model to study the DNA translocation through a nanopore in a device scale. We use this method to develop advanced DNA sequencing techniques, including plasmonic nanopore and double nanopores. Both of them show great potential as novel approaches for DNA sequencing. The protein-PEG interaction is addressed in the second part. We show that the conjugated PEG affects the thermodynamic stability and local structure of the host protein WW domain, but not that of Lambda repressor. A reoccurring and cooperative folding of a PEG molecule onto the protein surface is revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Specific PEG-binding motifs on the protein surface are identified.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2018-12-01The student, Shu-Han Chao, accepted the attached license on 2016-12-01 at 11:15.The student, Shu-Han Chao, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2016-12-01 at 11:56.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2016-12-01 at 17:11.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #10394 on 2017-02-28 at 14:42:44Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 98720
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemEmbargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 98720
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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