1,721,404 research outputs found
Strategic environmental assessment and land use planning: An international evaluation
No full textStrategic Environmental Assessment and Land Use Planning covers not only how much such SEAs are carried out and in what context, but whether they are effective and why. It provides invaluable insights for practitioners and researchers in this rapidy evolving field' Riki Therivel, author of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action Strategic Environmental Assessment and Land Use Planning provides an authoritative, international evaluation of the SEA of land use plans. The editors place the SEA of land use plans in context, and uniquely qualified contributors then evaluate systems in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States and the World Bank. These chapters provide a description of the context in each country, a case study of the use of SEA in land use planning and an evaluation of each SEA system against a set of generic criteria specially designed to anlayse different aspects of SEA. The contributors critically review each SEA system, SEA process and SEA outcome, and conclude by summarizing their findings. The editors draw the various national perspectives together in a final chapter and derive widely applicable conclusions about SEA and land use planning. This book is a core text for all students in environmental assessment, land use planning, environmental science, environmental management, development studies, geography, landscape design and law and engineering. It is also essential reading for all governments and environmental regulators, academics, researchers and environmental and planning consultants worldwide who are involvedin SEA research, practice and training
Materials aging at the mesoscale: Kinetics of thermal, stress, radiation activations
No full textThe complexity of materials aging may be seen as a result of the interplay between several activation processes operating on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Though the disciplines involved may seem disparate at first, material aging fundamentally could be linked by the same set of underlying activations and responses of the system. We examine how recent studies of shear-induced deformation and rheological flow initiated in the soft-matter community can be leveraged to probe the mechanisms of radiation damage in nuclear materials. Bridging these two traditionally separate areas of research demonstrates the emerging notions of mesoscale science as a research frontier concerned with linking macroscale behavior to microscale processes in driven systems. We suggest the combining of microstructure-sensitive measurements with fundamental theories and mechanism-specific simulations is essential to addressing metastable materials responses of strongly activated states.United States. Department of Energy (Award DE-SC0002633
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Design of a Functionally Graded Composite for Service in High Temperature Lead and Lead-Bismuth Cooled Nuclear Reactors
No full textA material that resists lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) attack and retains its strength at 700°C
would be an enabling technology for LBE-cooled reactors. No single alloy currently exists
that can economically meet the required performance criteria of high strength and corrosion
resistance. A Functionally Graded Composite (FGC) was created with layers engineered to
perform these functions. F91 was chosen as the structural layer of the composite for its
strength and radiation resistance. Fe-12Cr- 2Si, an alloy developed from previous work in
the Fe-Cr-Si system, was chosen as the corrosion-resistant cladding layer because of its
chemical similarity to F91 and its superior corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and
reducing environments.
Fe-12Cr-2Si experienced minimal corrosion due to its self-passivation in oxidizing and
reducing environments. Extrapolated corrosion rates are below one micron per year at
700°C. Corrosion of F91 was faster, but predictable and manageable. Diffusion studies
showed that 17 microns of the cladding layer will be diffusionally diluted during the three
year life of fuel cladding. 33 microns must be accounted for during the sixty year life of
coolant piping.
5 cm coolant piping and 6.35 mm fuel cladding were produced on a commercial scale by
weld-overlaying Fe-12Cr-2Si onto F91 billets and co-extruding them, followed by pilgering.
An ASME certified weld was performed followed by the prescribed quench-and-tempering
heat treatment for F91. A minimal heat affected zone was observed, demonstrating field
weldability. Finally, corrosion tests were performed on the fabricated FGC at 700°C after
completely breaching the cladding in a small area to induce galvanic corrosion at the
interface. None was observed.
This FGC has significant impacts on LBE reactor design. The increases in outlet
temperature and coolant velocity allow a large increase in power density, leading to either a
smaller core for the same power rating or more power output for the same size core. This
FGC represents an enabling technology for LBE cooled fast reactors
Modeling injected interstitial effects on void swelling in self-ion irradiation experiments
No full textHeavy ion irradiations at high dose rates are often used to simulate slow and expensive neutron irradiation experiments. However, many differences in the resultant modes of damage arise due to unique aspects of heavy ion irradiation. One such difference was recently shown in pure iron to manifest itself as a double peak in void swelling, with both peaks located away from the region of highest displacement damage. In other cases involving a variety of ferritic alloys there is often only a single peak in swelling vs. depth that is located very near the ion-incident surface. We show that these behaviors arise due to a combination of two separate effects: 1) suppression of void swelling due to injected interstitials, and 2) preferential sinking of interstitials to the ion-incident surface, which are very sensitive to the irradiation temperature and displacement rate. Care should therefore be used in collection and interpretation of data from the depth range outside the Bragg peak of ion irradiation experiments, as it is shown to be more complex than previously envisioned
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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