1,720,973 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Managing police misconduct: examining the role of police unions and collective bargaining agreements across North American police services
Full text linkExtant literature indicates that police misconduct is a by-product of systemic deficiencies which need to be addressed at a structural level. Conversely, however, most reformative strategies prescribed over the years have narrowly focused on police-centered approaches to address officer misconduct in North America. Moreover, external influences on existing accountability structures are largely overlooked, while weak measures of accountability, or lack thereof, have been cited repeatedly as a significant concern in addressing police misconduct. Accordingly, emerging literature has begun to examine the role of police unions and other external agencies in mitigating matters of officer misconduct. This dissertation examines the influence of police unions and police associations on internal and external structures of officer accountability using an exploratory content analysis of collective bargaining agreements stipulated between police unions and police departments across 70 Canadian and 50 US police agencies. An inductive coding process of the data collection reveals 10 overarching thematic categories with several subcategories of specific provisions from the collective agreements contained therein. The results of this study illustrate how police unions play a significant role in mitigating officer misconduct through a multitude of interdepartmental and intradepartmental processes. The results also highlight how relations between police executives and police unions are contractually managed while addressing power dynamics between the signing parties. The implications of specific provisions on internal structures of accountability are addressed in light of managing officer misconduct. The analysis of contractual relations provisioned in collective bargaining agreements examined for this study is used to discuss limitations in current reformative strategies on organizational, individual and legal-level to further elucidate the role that police unions can play in impeding police reform. Suggested policy implications resulting from this analysis include: limiting union influence in intradepartmental disciplinary procedures; enhancing accountability using data-led initiatives by preserving employee records; redefining police culture by strengthening accountability through incorporating whistleblower protection; and lastly, promoting police legitimacy by preserving community voices through meaningful access and transparency
Pre- and post-offence behaviours of healthcare serial killers as a confidence game
Full text linkExtant literature, while plentiful on the topic of serial homicide in general, does not
adequately examine the phenomena of healthcare professionals who serially murder their
patients. Using a sample of 58 healthcare serial killers located within North America,
South America and Europe between the years of 1970-2010, this study examines notable
pre- and post-offence behaviours of healthcare serial killers. Patterns related to offender
etiology, victim cultivation, crime scene behaviour and techniques of evasion were
explored. The findings from this study suggest that the pre- and post-offence behaviours
of healthcare serial killers can be examined from the theoretical framework of confidence
men or ‘con men.’ The findings from this study also suggest that healthcare serial killings
and offenders who perpetrate them continue to be elusive and warrant additional
scholarly attention to reduce their likelihood of engaging in homicide undetected for
extended periods of time. Policy implications are also discussed.University of Ontario Institute of Technolog
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Protection or provocation? Police control of Muslim immigrants in combating terrorism
Full text linkCounter-terrorism efforts have considerable bearing on the relationship between Muslim immigrants and law enforcement. As frontline law enforcers, the police are responsible for securing community support and acting as first responders to criminal activity. Following September 11, many laws have aggressively targeted Muslim immigrants under the belief they pose the largest security threat. Such outcomes threaten to increase targeted police responses, traditional police approaches, marginalization, legal and human rights violations and decrease preventive measures, community policing, and ultimately erode police legitimacy. This paper explores current counter-terrorist efforts and how such responses display spillover effects that impact all Muslims. It is argued that, in some instances, these responses are counterproductive and increase the likelihood of terrorist activity. An assessment of more fruitful policing strategies will be provided.University of Ontario Institute of Technolog
Power, privilege and cover-up: a case study on how intertextuality in police records can mislead homicide investigations
Full text linkDespite the newfound interest in homicide investigations, only a limited number of studies have been able to examine the validity of police and other official records which are collated during the course of an investigation. Moreover, linguistic presentation of gathered statements and evidence in official records is often overlooked. The focus of this paper is to investigate how intertextuality in police records can lead to disingenuous accounts of an incident. Using the Koschman homicide investigation as a case study, the results of this research explore the following avenues which can be used to mislead investigations: 1) Archival management of witness statements; 2) manipulation of investigatory procedures; and 3) compliance, complicity and the use of power. This research illustrates how police officers can use their editorial powers to alter the outcome of a homicide investigation in order to meet political or other exigent agendas. Furthermore, the power of the police and their complicity with other seemingly independent agencies can be used to reinforce police statements and attain compliance from the general public.University of Ontario Institute of Technolog
Michael Slobodian: the forgotten school shooter. An examination of the on-scene offense characteristics of the first Canadian school shooting, Brampton, Ontario, 1975.
Full text linkMass murders and school shootings have become an emerging social problem in North America over the last two decades. Although rare, these terrifying events elicit horror, shock and fear across the nation. Despite the difficulties in studying school shootings, existing literature on this increasingly common form of school violence have focused primarily on the form of the shootings in an effort to understand the causes of these violent school attacks. However, various factors remain unaddressed: First, existing literature pertaining to firearm-related homicide on school property fails to critically analyze the occurrence of school shootings from a Canadian context. Second, the literature on firearm-related homicide in school settings neglects to account for the variables that explain the variations in outcomes of school shootings. And third, there is a lack of analysis present in the current literature explaining the school shooter’s vector of aggression. As such, this paper applies Shon’s model of mass murder and lethality of outcomes to the very first school shooting in North America. In doing so, this research sheds light into the shooter’s attack planning patterns and contributes to understanding the variation in outcomes of shooting events and the dynamic factors that sparked this deadly trend of firearm- related school violence.University of Ontario Institute of Technolog
‘I was there’ and ‘It happened to me’: an exploratory study of the social organization of killing by military police officers and combat soldiers, 1976-1987
Full text linkVarious theoretical frameworks have been applied in an attempt to understand the phenomenon of killing. However, while previous studies have examined killing as an outcome-oriented measure, few have explored killing as a socially organized process. Using letters written by soldiers, police officers, and security professionals found in the magazine Soldier of Fortune, this study examines the actual behaviours that occur during the killing process. The present study demonstrates how subjects psychologically adapt to killing through a cognitive mobilization process, experiencing a dissociative state that deactivates one’s emotional reaction. Applicability of findings to other homicides is discussed.University of Ontario Institute of Technolog
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