65 research outputs found
Origins of hydrocarbons in the Sagara oil field, central Japan
No full textWe collected free-gas and in situ fluid samples up to a depth of 200.6 m from the Sagara oil field, central Japan (34°44′N, 138°15′E), during the Sagara Drilling Program (SDP) and measured the concentrations and stable carbon isotopic compositions of CH4 and C2H6 in the samples. A combination of the CH4/C2H6 ratios with the carbon isotope ratios of methane indicates that the hydrocarbon gases are predominantly of thermogenic origin at all depths. The isotope signature of hydrocarbon gases of δ13CCH4 < δ13CC2H6 suggests that these gases in the Sagara oil field are not generated by polymerization, but by the decomposition of organic materials
සිදත් සඟරාවේ ලිංග භේදය පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්
No full textThe only book currently available to learn Sinhala grammar is Sidath Sagara. This was written in the thirteenth century. Sidath Sagara talks about gender, only two genders as masculine and feminine nouns. Although Sidath Sagara says that there are two genders, according to the Sinhala practice, three genders are implemented. The third gender is the neuter gender. Sinhala gender has been introduced after paying attention to the gender difference in Pali and Sanskrit languages. Understand gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara without knowledge of Pali and Sanskrit languages. This is a problematic situation. Because of this, scholars refuse to explain the gender of the Sidath Sagara. Some people justify sidath Sagara's gender bias. This research was carried out in order to properly investigate Sidath Sagarava's gender examination and arrive at conclusions. why neuter gender is not valid in Sinhala in Sidath Sagarava's gender examination? is kept as the research problem. The main objective of the research was to study gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara. Studying the various ideologies that have been presented regarding gender discrimination, Sidath Sagara's research on gender and reaching balanced conclusions began. Sidath Sagara was kept as the primary source. Various editions of Sidath Sagara, Sinhala grammar books and Journals written in this regard, newspaper articles etc. were the secondary sources by studying the gender difference in Sidath Sagara and grammar tradition of Sinhala, it was kept as the basis of the research that the existing problems regarding gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara will be resolved. the research sample was only for the work of Sidath Sagara and Sinhala grammar tradition. From the data analysis of the research 1. Gender distiction as discrimination in Sidath Sagara is a gender discrimination used for poetry 2. the author of Sidath Sagara explains focusing on the gender distinction in Pali and Sanskrit languages and not focusing on the Sinhala language. 3. it is uncinded the three conclusions that Sidath Sagara's gender distinction is a traditional Sinhala grammatical tradition
Scapinin, the Protein Phosphatase 1 Binding Protein, Enhances Cell Spreading and Motility by Interacting with the Actin Cytoskeleton
No full textCopyright (c) 2009 Sagara et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Scapinin, also named phactr3, is an actin and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding protein, which is expressed in the adult brain and some tumor cells. At present, the role(s) of scapinin in the brain and tumors are poorly understood. We show that the RPEL-repeat domain of scapinin, which is responsible for its direct interaction with actin, inhibits actin polymerization in vitro. Next, we established a Hela cell line, where scapinin expression was induced by tetracycline. In these cells, expression of scapinin stimulated cell spreading and motility. Scapinin was colocalized with actin at the edge of spreading cells. To explore the roles of the RPEL-repeat and PP1-binding domains, we expressed wild-type and mutant scapinins as fusion proteins with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in Cos7 cells. Expression of GFP-scapinin (wild type) also stimulated cell spreading, but mutation in the RPEL-repeat domain abolished both the actin binding and the cell spreading activity. PP1-binding deficient mutants strongly induced cell retraction. Long and branched cytoplasmic processes were developed during the cell retraction. These results suggest that scapinin enhances cell spreading and motility through direct interaction with actin and that PP1 plays a regulatory role in scapinin-induced morphological changes.Articleapplication/pdfPLOS ONE. 4(1):e4247 (2009)journal articl
A Comparative Study of Educational Administrative Organizations in Southeast Asian Countries
No full textこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。The purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of educational administrative organizations in eight Southeast Asian countries. At present, the developing countries in Southeast Asia are making a maximum effort to establish and develop education, and this fact naturally invites strong national concern for educational affairs. Each country has already established a refined structure of educational administration, planning to put forward strong programs of education. An unbalance is observed, however, between the well organized administrative structure and development of education itself. The heavily centralized educational administration bring a still stronger centralizing tendency, thus strengthening already consolidated structures of educational administration. As the result, these countries have come to have a complete set of carefully organized administrative systems which sometimes surpasses those of advanced countries. The largest problems the people who are concerned about education in these countries must face is to put the strongest stress on the development of education itself, departing from mere concern about the establishment of administrative systems. It is the belief of the author that such a comparison as that attempted here will be fruitful for the study of comparative education as well as the comparative study of administration
Community-based incubation programs for women entreprepenurs in developing countries: A systematic literature review
No full textAlthough Women entrepreneurs (WE) own a small fraction of businesses in developing countries due to multiple challenges, previous studies identified factors that contribute to low success rates. However, contradictory results regarding these factors indicate the knowledge gap. The goal of the current study is to generate specific programs that are cost-effective and sustainable in resource-poor, developing countries. To this end, a systematic literature review –a cornerstone of evidence-based management –was used to identify the factors that influence the success or failure of WEs in developing countries. A search string containing synonyms for women entrepreneurs, success, failure, factor, and challenge was used to collect 5,727 journal articles from three database aggregators, OneSearch, ABI/INFORM, and SCOPUS. After further screening and quality appraisal, the dataset, which contained 123 articles published between 2015 and 2020, was analyzed with the conceptual lens of the resource-based view of business and incorporated into a theoretical framework based on the business incubation theory. The coding process identified four core capitals–family/social network, human,psychological, and financial–as critical determinants for WE performance. While human and psychological capitals were frequently mentioned as necessary, family/social network capital was the most critical factor because WEs without human or financial capital could still succeed in business if they hadtheir family support and social/professional networks. Thus, programs aimed to support WEs should target their families and establish social and professional networks for WEs. Additionally, a program to educate WEs for entrepreneurial bricolage (resourcefulness) and resilience would boost WE performance because these traits allow WEs to overcome socio-cultural restrictions, financial constraints, and other challenges and succeed in business.COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS i
ABSTRACT
Title of Dissertation: COMMUNITY-BASED INCUBATION
PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN
ENTREPREPENEURS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC
LITERATURE REVIEW
Yutaka Sagara,
Doctor of Business Administration, 2021
Although Women entrepreneurs (WE) own a small fraction of businesses in developing countries
due to multiple challenges, previous studies identified factors that contribute to low success
rates. However, contradictory results regarding these factors indicate the knowledge gap. The
goal of the current study is to generate specific programs that are cost-effective and sustainable
in resource-poor, developing countries. To this end, a systematic literature review – a
cornerstone of evidence-based management – was used to identify the factors that influence the
success or failure of WEs in developing countries. A search string containing synonyms for
women entrepreneurs, success, failure, factor, and challenge was used to collect 5,727 journal
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
ii
articles from three database aggregators, OneSearch, ABI/INFORM, and SCOPUS. After further
screening and quality appraisal, the dataset, which contained 123 articles published between
2015 and 2020, was analyzed with the conceptual lens of the resource-based view of business
and incorporated into a theoretical framework based on the business incubation theory. The
coding process identified four core capitals–family/social network, human, psychological, and
financial–as critical determinants for WE performance. While human and psychological capitals
were frequently mentioned as necessary, family/social network capital was the most critical
factor because WEs without human or financial capital could still succeed in business if they had
their family support and social/professional networks. Thus, programs aimed to support WEs
should target their families and establish social and professional networks for WEs. Additionally,
a program to educate WEs for entrepreneurial bricolage (resourcefulness) and resilience would
boost WE performance because these traits allow WEs to overcome socio-cultural restrictions,
financial constraints, and other challenges and succeed in business.
Keywords: business incubation theory, community-based organizations, developing
countries, female entrepreneurs, individual-opportunity nexus theory, intersectionality,
nongovernmental organizations, resource-based view, women entrepreneurs
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
iii
COMMUNITY-BASED INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE
REVIEW
By
Yutaka Sagara
Dissertation submitted to the School of Business,
University of Maryland Global Campus, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Business Administration
2021
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
iv
© Copyright by
Yutaka Sagara
Year 2021
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
v
Preface
This study owes its origin, of course, to women entrepreneurs in developing countries. In
particular, I saw women, including my sister-in-law, in the Mon village Khahonkaret (Min Yaw)
in Burma starting and failing in business. Despite these failures, the women entrepreneurs are
resilient: they continue to create, and some eventually succeed in business. Having worked as a
volunteer for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations
(CBOs) in Burma and Thailand, I asked: what can we do to help women succeed in business?
This study is the answer to the question.
The world has experienced multiple, unprecedented challenges in the past few years.
Despite these health, societal, and political turmoils in many countries, I believe in the resilience
of women and women entrepreneurs to continue to try and eventually succeed in business and in
life.
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
vi
Dedication
This work is dedicated to my mother, Masako Okumura, who is on the deathbed from
cancer as I complete this dissertation on June 18, 2021. She has been the inspiration to
everything I have accomplished so far and yet to achieve in the future. Her strong will, her
resilience, and her desire to do her best. These have motivated me throughout my life. Also, she
raised me to be compassionate to others and to be morally upright. Failed though I have on both
accounts many times over, I still try to follow her dicta every day. I owe everything in my life to
her.
This work is also dedicated to my sister, Yukari Sagara Blanche, who died at the young
age of 35 in 1984. To this day, I feel she sacrificed her life for my studies. Without her, I would
not have completed university and beyond. I owe my academic career to her.
Finally, I dedicate this work to my wife, Ohmar Khine. She has consistently supported
and encouraged me to obtain this doctorate. In addition to moral support, she has helped me
understand women’s lives and how they struggle to earn a living in Burma and other developing
countries. Her words painted vivid pictures even in my dull mind and helped me be
compassionate to their plight. I owe this clumsy but completed work to her.
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
vii
Acknowledgements
This journey has been filled with major challenges; the coronavirus pandemic that started
at the end of 2019, the military junta in Burma (Myanmar) on February 1, 2021, and my
mother’s cancer diagnosis on April 14, 2021, and my subsequent caregiving for her in Japan.
Because all of these events have made it difficult to continue with the doctorate program, I have
thought of quitting the program many times. But extraordinary people listed here have helped me
overcome despondency and complete the doctorate. I wish to acknowledge their tremendous
guidance and support for this endeavor.
First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Wanda Wagner, my dissertation mentor. Without
her guidance and expertise, I would have surely failed and dropped out long ago. During the
weekly Zoom meeting, Dr. Wagner took time to understand my progress and difficulties, giving
me sagely advice, encouragement, and moral support. The concern and care she has shown for
me and my work have been genuinely monumental and awe-inspiring. Also, her seemingly
bottomless patience has been tested many times by my tardiness and unfortunate events in my
life. Needless to say, this work would not have existed without Dr. Wagner.
Also, I want to thank Dr. Kay Edwards, my second reader. Her comments on this
dissertation, as well as on my presentations, have been invaluable. Dr. Edwards has acted like
my co-mentor, making sure I would stay focused.
I want to thank Dr. Subash Bijlani, my third committee member, for agreeing to be on the
committee at the last minute. Dr. Bijlani’s background in entrepreneurship and his knowledge of
business in developing countries have enriched this project.
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
viii
Finally, I wish to acknowledge all the professors who helped me along with this excellent
Doctorate program in Business Administration: Drs. Leslie Dinauer (DMG600), Mark De Jong
(DBA800), Lisa Pearo (DBA810), Mary Jo Anderson (DBA820), Denise Breckon (DBA840),
and Walter McCollum (DBA850). Of course, I cannot forget Ms. Marina Caminis, the Wonder
Woman of the program.
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
ix
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... i
Preface ............................................................................................................................................ v
Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... vii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xiv
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of the Management Problem ............................................. 1
Background and Overview .......................................................................................................... 1
Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 7
Significance of the Problem .................................................................................................... 8
Purpose of the Study and The Research Question ...................................................................... 8
Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................ 9
Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 9
Scope .................................................................................................................................... 10
Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 13
Discussion of Concepts and/or Themes .................................................................................... 15
Definitions and Terminology .................................................................................................... 18
Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 20
Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2: Scoping Literature Review and Theoretical Frame .................................................... 23
Entrepreneurship Theories ........................................................................................................ 23
Entrepreneur .......................................................................................................................... 24
Cantillon and Uncertainty ...................................................................................................... 24
Classic and Neoclassic Theories ............................................................................................ 25
Creative Destruction .............................................................................................................. 26
Entrepreneur Characteristics .................................................................................................. 27
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
x
Psychological Aptitude toward Entrepreneurship ................................................................. 28
Motivation Theories in Entrepreneurship .............................................................................. 41
Women Entrepreneurship .......................................................................................................... 42
Academic Literature on Women Entrepreneurship ............................................................... 43
Measure of “Success” in Women Entrepreneurship .............................................................. 44
Intersectionality ..................................................................................................................... 46
Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 46
Individual-Opportunity Nexus Theory .................................................................................. 47
Business Incubation Theory .................................................................................................. 47
Resource-Based View of Business ........................................................................................ 48
Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Lens ....................................................................... 49
Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 50
Chapter 3: Method ........................................................................................................................ 51
Review Design and Methodology ............................................................................................. 51
The Evidence-Based Research Framework ........................................................................... 51
Systematic Literature Review ................................................................................................... 61
Introduction to SLR ............................................................................................................... 61
General Steps Involved in SLR ............................................................................................. 62
SLR Process for The Current Study ...................................................................................... 63
Formulation of Research Question ........................................................................................ 63
Search Methodology .............................................................................................................. 70
Quality Appraisal of the Included Studies ............................................................................. 79
Data Extraction and Coding .................................................................................................. 86
Analysis and Synthesis .......................................................................................................... 87
Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 88
Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 90
Chapter 4: Analysis and Findings ................................................................................................. 91
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
xi
Review of the Research Questions ............................................................................................ 91
Dataset Preparation for Systematic Literature Review ............................................................. 92
Search Steps ........................................................................................................................... 92
Screening Steps ...................................................................................................................... 95
Quality Assessment ............................................................................................................... 98
Weight of Evidence ............................................................................................................. 104
Reassessment of Rejected Articles ...................................................................................... 106
Summary of Dataset Preparation ......................................................................................... 108
General Description of the Data Set ........................................................................................ 108
Study Locations ................................................................................................................... 109
Author Location and Cultural Chauvinism ......................................................................... 112
Publication Bias ................................................................................................................... 113
Study Purposes .................................................................................................................... 116
Theoretical Models .............................................................................................................. 118
Study Methods ..................................................................................................................... 120
Participant Descriptions ....................................................................................................... 122
Findings and Discussions ........................................................................................................ 135
Coding and Analysis Method: Review ................................................................................ 135
Codebook and Summary Table ........................................................................................... 136
Preliminary Analysis of Success Factors ............................................................................. 139
Human Capital ..................................................................................................................... 141
Family/Social Network Capital ........................................................................................... 160
Psychological Capital .......................................................................................................... 173
Financial Capital .................................................................................................................. 187
Institutional Factors ............................................................................................................. 200
Socio-cultural Factors .......................................................................................................... 209
COMMUNITY INCUBATION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
xii
Economic Factors ................................................................................................................ 222
Intersectionality ................................................................................................................... 227
Summary of Main Findings ................................................................................................. 232
Revised Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................. 239
Answers to Research Questions .......................................................................................... 240
Revised Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 243
Interrelationships among Capitals ....................................................................................... 247
Chapter Summary .................................................................................................................... 249
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications ................................................................................... 251
Review of the Research ........................................................................................................... 251
Background Context ............................................................................................................ 251
Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 252
Research Method ................................................................................................................. 253
Theoretical Framework .......................
Cyclophane-Based Fluorescence Tuning Induced by Hydrostatic Pressure Changes
No full textIn contrast to a standard steady fluorescence intensity increase of a chloroform solution of a linear chromophore unit under high pressure, a fluorescent cyclophane solution shows significant fluorescence quenching under elevated pressure. A pressure-induced enhancement of the formation of an intramolecular pi-stacked conformation is proposed to be responsible
Approach To The Numeric Geometry Analysis of Positive Displacement Compressors, Its Application To A Single Screw Compressor Simulation And Verification By Experiment
No full textThermodynamic models to simulate positive displacement compressors are well known for a few decades already and can describe the compressor performance quite well. One of the most complex part of the simulation process however is the positive displacement compressor geometry simulation. In the current context, under geometry simulation, values of working compressor volumes, as well as cross-sections of port openings, at different shaft (rotor) angles are considered.In the current paper, as an example, the Greene formula approach was applied to a geometry simulation of a single screw compressor. Working chamber geometry was defined by “cutting “ it with the gate rotor blade; flute volume was computed using Greene formula; suction and discharge ports were intersected with this volume so that port opening contours were defined and their respective cross sectional areas were calculated. The results of this geometry simulation were applied for a thermodynamic model of a single screw compressor. Experimental investigation of a single screw working process using pressure transducers has been conducted. Geometry simulation data was applied to calculate compression work from experimental pressure traces.Pressure-volume diagrams obtained experimentally were compared to the simulated ones. Also, indicator work obtained from simulation and experiment, was compared to the power input to the shaft, and demonstrated good correlation
Crystal structure and thermoresponsive luminescence of a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene-based cyclophane
No full textIntroducing a cyclic structure to luminophores is a promising approach for achieving external stimuli-responsive luminescence. This is because luminescent cyclophanes containing flexible linkers tend to form several molecular assembled states. However, previously reported cyclophanes exhibiting thermoresponsive and/or mechanoresponsive luminescence have not given crystals suitable for single crystal X-ray structure analysis because of the flexible cyclic molecular structures. Such analysis is important because solved crystal structures can show unambiguous correlation between the arrangement of luminophores and photophysical properties. Here, we report the crystal structure of a cyclophane featuring a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene group and the thermoresponsive luminescence. The cyclophane was designed with shorter flexible oligo(ethyleneglycol) chains used as linkers bridging the luminophore and another aromatic group. The two different pi-conjugated groups were orthogonally arranged in the individual molecule, and the luminophores partially overlapped between adjacent molecules. The cyclophane showed a supercooled nematic phase at room temperature upon cooling. Thermal treatment for the kinetically trapped state led to a transition to another crystalline state and, consequently, a change in photoluminescence colour. Emission spectroscopic studies and emission lifetime measurements revealed that the luminophores formed excimers in the supercooled nematic phase, whereas no excimer formation was observed for the crystalline phases
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