1,720,968 research outputs found
The impact of care experience prior to commencing pre-registration nurse education and training: A scoping review
Get PDFObjectives: Compassion in nursing and interventions to support it are of international relevance and concern. Prior care experience as a prerequisite for entry into pre-registration nurse education is suggested as a means of improving compassion. The impact of prior care experience has not been comprehensively reviewed, therefore the potential effectiveness of prior care experience as a means of improving compassion is unknown. The scoping review question was 'What is known about the impact of care experience prior to commencing pre-registration nurse education and training?' The primary objective was to scope and synthesise existing literature relating to the topic and ascertain key themes pertaining to impact. A secondary objective was to appraise literature, to contextualise findings and assess the state and stage of knowledge and research in the area. Design: The review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. Data sources: Health sciences databases CINAHL, Medline and PubMed. Methods: Databases were searched in February 2019, updated August 2021. Data (study characteristics, findings, methodological observations) were extracted from papers meeting inclusion criteria (including peer-reviewed empirical papers with English language, electronic full-text available) and findings thematically analysed. Results: Forty-five papers from 14 countries were included. The majority (64.4 %) were published in Europe (31.1 % in the United Kingdom) between 2010 and 2021 (69 %), 60 % from 2013. Four qualitative themes (compassionate care, commitment, competence and communication) describe the impact of prior care experience , which was variable. Conclusions: Evidence to support the effectiveness of prior care experience as a prerequisite for entry into nurse education to improve compassion, is inconsistent and insufficient. The literature displays methodological limitations and conclusions should be interpreted in light of these caveats. Recommendations are made for future research, to improve quality and comparability
Supporting people with pain-related distress in primary care consultations: a qualitative study
Get PDFBackground Low mood and distress are commonly reported by people who have persistent musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, which may be labelled as 'depression'. It is important to understand how pain-related distress is conceptualised and managed in primary care consultations. Aim To explore understanding of pain-related distress and depression from the perspectives of people with persistent MSK pain and GPs. Design and setting Qualitative study with people with persistent MSK pain and GPs from different parts of the UK. Method Semi-structured interviews conducted remotely and data analysed thematically. Results Most participants reported challenges in distinguishing between distress and depression in the context of persistent MSK pain, but also described strategies to make this distinction. Some people described how acceptance of their situation was key and involved optimism about the future and creation of a new identity. Some GPs expressed 'therapeutic nihilism', with uncertainty about the cause of pain and how to manage people with both persistent MSK pain and distress in primary care consultations, while GPs who could identify and build on optimism with patients described how to help the patient to move forwards. Conclusion This study offers a framework for the primary care consultation with patients presenting with pain-related distress. GPs should recognise the impact of persistent MSK pain on the patient and support the person in coming to terms with their pain, explore how the person feels about the future, encourage optimism, and support self-management strategies.</p
Exploring puberty experiences of young males (18-21 years) living in urban Pakistan: a qualitative inquiry
Get PDFBackground: Adolescence is a time of dynamic change during which puberty transition occurs, which is characterised as bringing profound psychological transformation to adolescents’ identity, mental health and to impact on their overall behaviour. Literature has identified male adolescents to be less engaged in health promotion activities, and considered them a high risk population, particularly during puberty influencing their physical and psychological health outcomes, which may last longer. It is therefore essential that these young boys have good puberty experiences, as that will help to ensure better psychosocial adjustment in later life. However, socio-cultural factors play a significant role in Pakistan and other similar countries to create several barriers to puberty awareness and understanding of adolescent males, where only limited support is available for them in terms of enhancing their puberty experiences.
It is because of these cultural factors that puberty and related topics have not been adequately researched in Pakistan, despite having enormous significance of puberty transition in male adolescents’ life. Instead, studies that are more general have been conducted to assess the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of adolescents of both sexes. In case where reproductive health (RH) needs of adolescent males are explored, puberty has only been a small part of it.
It could be argued that understanding young males’ puberty experience in predominantly patriarchal cultures such as Pakistan is particularly important in order to investigate and propose appropriate measures to provide good puberty experiences to adolescent males. As it may improve role-relationships in adult life, and reduces the cost of many preventable and chronic diseases, such as mental illnesses and sexually transmittable infections (STIs) as these adolescents make better choices regarding their SRH in the future.
Aim: This study aimed to explore how young males aged 18-21 years from an urban city of Pakistan perceived their puberty experiences, by addressing the following objectives:
1. To explore the overall experiences of puberty from young males living in Pakistan.
2. To explore the barriers/challenges/difficulties Pakistani young males encountered during puberty, and how they may have overcome these.
3. To explore potential facilitating factors for Pakistani young males during adolescence that contributed to positive puberty experiences.
Method: An exploratory, generic qualitative study using an interpretive-social constructionist approach was conducted. The study included 22 participants from two study sites using convenient sampling, followed by snowball technique. Data was collected through individual semi-structured face-to-face and Skype interviews, each interview lasted between 60-240 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim into their original languages (English and Urdu both) and data analysed thematically. NVivo10 and 11 software was used to manage the data. Ethical approval was received from the University of Nottingham, UK and official permissions were granted by the respective institutions approached, with written informed consent received from all the participants.
Findings: The findings showed that the puberty phase was challenging for young males, and often resulted in negative psychological impacts, along with concerns related to their identity development.
The negative effects mainly resulted from being unprepared and uninformed about pubertal changes, which was due to the socio-cultural factors, considering puberty a ‘taboo’ subject. As a result of which, there was a lack of awareness about puberty and difficulties in accessing trustworthy information. Consequently, participants during puberty felt confused, fearful, anxious and embarrassed of their experiences, which often resulted in isolation and depression. Alongside these experiences, participants were found to have adopted several coping strategies; nevertheless, they highlighted the need for additional material and health promotion programmes to aid the transition process.
Participants also described the diverse puberty experiences challenged by the societal expectations and gender norms, as they sought power, acceptance and defined their sexual orientation whilst gaining social status and identity development. Their concerns about masculinity, sexual identity and developing an adult outlook along with stereotyped gender roles and responsibilities were shared which often resulted in personal tensions while negotiating through these societal expectations.
Conclusion: This study is the first known study to explore the contextualised puberty experiences of young males in Pakistan. The study has established that young males’ experienced and shared significant concerns regarding their puberty transition phase. These were related to information gathering, negative psychological impacts, coping strategies and identity formation in the patriarchal Pakistani context. The findings further demonstrated that currently the puberty transition does not necessarily provide positive experiences for the male adolescents, since the conjunction of personal and social worlds exposed participants to both negative and positive psychological impacts during their puberty and influenced their identity formation as an adult male.
Findings from this study provide a new theoretical insight into the complex social and ecological factors at play in Pakistan during male adolescents’ puberty transition, using social and ecological model (SEM) of human development. These findings can therefore be used to understand the gender appropriate educational needs of adolescent males around puberty and develop future health promotion programmes around male adolescents’ puberty. Introducing and developing appropriate health promotion programmes around puberty could improve future male adolescents’ experiences and may therefore impact positively on their long-term health and well-being, and assist them in developing a vibrant adult identity
Exploring puberty experiences of young males (18-21 years) living in urban Pakistan: a qualitative inquiry
Get PDFBackground: Adolescence is a time of dynamic change during which puberty transition occurs, which is characterised as bringing profound psychological transformation to adolescents’ identity, mental health and to impact on their overall behaviour. Literature has identified male adolescents to be less engaged in health promotion activities, and considered them a high risk population, particularly during puberty influencing their physical and psychological health outcomes, which may last longer. It is therefore essential that these young boys have good puberty experiences, as that will help to ensure better psychosocial adjustment in later life. However, socio-cultural factors play a significant role in Pakistan and other similar countries to create several barriers to puberty awareness and understanding of adolescent males, where only limited support is available for them in terms of enhancing their puberty experiences.
It is because of these cultural factors that puberty and related topics have not been adequately researched in Pakistan, despite having enormous significance of puberty transition in male adolescents’ life. Instead, studies that are more general have been conducted to assess the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of adolescents of both sexes. In case where reproductive health (RH) needs of adolescent males are explored, puberty has only been a small part of it.
It could be argued that understanding young males’ puberty experience in predominantly patriarchal cultures such as Pakistan is particularly important in order to investigate and propose appropriate measures to provide good puberty experiences to adolescent males. As it may improve role-relationships in adult life, and reduces the cost of many preventable and chronic diseases, such as mental illnesses and sexually transmittable infections (STIs) as these adolescents make better choices regarding their SRH in the future.
Aim: This study aimed to explore how young males aged 18-21 years from an urban city of Pakistan perceived their puberty experiences, by addressing the following objectives:
1. To explore the overall experiences of puberty from young males living in Pakistan.
2. To explore the barriers/challenges/difficulties Pakistani young males encountered during puberty, and how they may have overcome these.
3. To explore potential facilitating factors for Pakistani young males during adolescence that contributed to positive puberty experiences.
Method: An exploratory, generic qualitative study using an interpretive-social constructionist approach was conducted. The study included 22 participants from two study sites using convenient sampling, followed by snowball technique. Data was collected through individual semi-structured face-to-face and Skype interviews, each interview lasted between 60-240 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim into their original languages (English and Urdu both) and data analysed thematically. NVivo10 and 11 software was used to manage the data. Ethical approval was received from the University of Nottingham, UK and official permissions were granted by the respective institutions approached, with written informed consent received from all the participants.
Findings: The findings showed that the puberty phase was challenging for young males, and often resulted in negative psychological impacts, along with concerns related to their identity development.
The negative effects mainly resulted from being unprepared and uninformed about pubertal changes, which was due to the socio-cultural factors, considering puberty a ‘taboo’ subject. As a result of which, there was a lack of awareness about puberty and difficulties in accessing trustworthy information. Consequently, participants during puberty felt confused, fearful, anxious and embarrassed of their experiences, which often resulted in isolation and depression. Alongside these experiences, participants were found to have adopted several coping strategies; nevertheless, they highlighted the need for additional material and health promotion programmes to aid the transition process.
Participants also described the diverse puberty experiences challenged by the societal expectations and gender norms, as they sought power, acceptance and defined their sexual orientation whilst gaining social status and identity development. Their concerns about masculinity, sexual identity and developing an adult outlook along with stereotyped gender roles and responsibilities were shared which often resulted in personal tensions while negotiating through these societal expectations.
Conclusion: This study is the first known study to explore the contextualised puberty experiences of young males in Pakistan. The study has established that young males’ experienced and shared significant concerns regarding their puberty transition phase. These were related to information gathering, negative psychological impacts, coping strategies and identity formation in the patriarchal Pakistani context. The findings further demonstrated that currently the puberty transition does not necessarily provide positive experiences for the male adolescents, since the conjunction of personal and social worlds exposed participants to both negative and positive psychological impacts during their puberty and influenced their identity formation as an adult male.
Findings from this study provide a new theoretical insight into the complex social and ecological factors at play in Pakistan during male adolescents’ puberty transition, using social and ecological model (SEM) of human development. These findings can therefore be used to understand the gender appropriate educational needs of adolescent males around puberty and develop future health promotion programmes around male adolescents’ puberty. Introducing and developing appropriate health promotion programmes around puberty could improve future male adolescents’ experiences and may therefore impact positively on their long-term health and well-being, and assist them in developing a vibrant adult identity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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