8,949 research outputs found
MAPPING AND RECOVERING CLOUD-CONTAMINATED AREA IN MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGERY WITH VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED BANDS
No full textDeveloping a technique for the detection and removal of cloud and haze in remote sensing images
No full text遙測技術發展的最大限制之一，便是大氣活動的干擾，尤其對地球資源衛星上裝載可見光段的光學感測器而言，雲霧的干擾最不易處理。而台灣又為多雲區，雲霧的干擾無可避免，若受遮蔽的區域恰為研究區，則會大大減低了衛星影像的價值性。另外，國內災害監測對遙測影像之需求週期幾乎以「天」為單位，更突顯災害發生時遙測影像供不應求之窘境。因此如何去除雲霧之干擾便成為相當重要的課題。本研究即針對上述課題，發展雲霧的偵測及影像鑲嵌之技術。
厚、薄雲霧兩者具有不同之光譜特性，故需個別進行處理。厚雲霧因具高反射特性，故可經由閾值的設定將可見光段呈高反射之部分偵測並去除；薄雲霧雖仍可觀測到底下地物，但已將地物本身的光譜特性扭曲，且難以用演算法偵測去除，因此本研究先將影像由RGB轉換成HIS系統，再假設薄雲霧的加入等於使影像加入白色，即R、G、B三者提高，因此僅改變光譜的亮度或飽和度值，色相並無改變，藉此可偵測並去除薄雲霧。去除厚薄雲霧後殘缺之部分再利用影像鑲嵌之方式，以鄰近日期之無雲影像補償之，並進行色差之調整，使影像資訊量損失到最小。
對於雲霧偵測之結果，本研究以專家法之方式進行檢核。結果厚雲霧部分之總體精度可達97％；在均質海面及有地形效應之區域上，薄雲霧偵測精度約為83％；極度非均質之農業區則降為80％。地物較複雜之區域，需取得較高時間精度之影像才可增加偵測精度。本研究雖因影像取得之限制而無法提升複雜區域之精度，但已證明在HIS系統中可簡化薄雲霧之偵測準則，大大提升自動化偵測雲霧之可能性。Detection and removal of cloud and haze are arduous problems in optical remote sensing imagery processing. Thick cloud and haze have the character of high reflection, so we can set the threshold to detect and remove the areas having extremely high reflection and even mosaic the images with near dates’ ones to create clear and cloudless images. Relatively, areas covered by thin cloud and haze have the spectral characteristics of both surface features and cloud and haze, thus making it difficult to separate them.
This research first processed the images with relative radiometric normalization and then transformed the images from the RGB to the HIS color model. Our assumption was that the interference of thin cloud and haze, similar to mixing a color pigment with white, would increase the color intensity and decrease the saturation of an image but would not change its hue value. Guided by this assumption, we processed the multi-temporal images and isolated areas contaminated by thin cloud and haze. The results thus suggest that an automatic method based on the HIS color model is possible for detecting thin cloud and haze on satellite images.中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 V
表目錄 IX
第1章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第2章 文獻回顧 7
第一節 雲霧的偵測與去除 7
第二節 RGB和HIS彩色模型間之轉換及應用 23
第三節 相對性輻射校正 28
第3章 研究方法 31
第一節 研究架構及流程 31
第二節 研究方法 33
第4章 成果與討論 50
第一節 厚雲霧之偵測及去除 50
第二節 薄雲霧之偵測及去除 54
第5章 結論與未來研究 68
第一節 結論 68
第二節 未來研究 71
參考文獻 74
附錄一 雲霧處理及誤差評估之SML語法 78
附錄二 各專家判釋雲霧之差異比較表 8
The Study on Cloud Processing in Optical Satellite Imagery
No full text在利用光學式衛星影像進行土地利用判釋或農作物產量估測時，雲層覆蓋是無法避免的干擾之一。以往研究的瓶頸在於多數去雲流程皆需要另外的無雲參考區域或是多時期影像，然而真實世界中，這些參考資訊可能難以取得；再者，對於去雲結果的優劣，通常是以質化而非量化的方式來進行視覺化評估，因此欠缺客觀性；最重要的是，去雲過程通常也會破壞原本的地物資訊，然而去雲後影像能否用來進行自動化地物判釋也欠缺探討。
為解決以上瓶頸，降低雲層的影響並提升地物判釋的正確性，就單時期具有厚雲層的影像而言，本研究以標準差延伸加強 (standard deviation stretch enhancement) 進行影像處理，再以區域增長 (region growing) 之方式偵測並切除無法還原地物資訊的厚雲層。單時期具有薄雲的影像則以傅利葉 (Fourier) 分析建立薄雲的數學模式，再以此模型薄雲並還原薄雲底下的地物光譜資訊，雖然傅利葉分析的方法在模式建立階段仍需兩時期影像，但建立後的模式在對其它影像進行去雲處理時則僅需單時期資訊。而去雲結果的量化評估，厚雲方面以專家法評估偵測去除的範圍準確性，薄雲方面則以影像分類法以及常態化差異植被指數 (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) 評估雲下地物資訊還原的程度以及非雲下地物資訊的被破壞程度。
本研究證明了僅以綠、紅、近紅外波段且沒有無雲參考區或參考影像時，對於厚雲偵測來說資訊量是足夠的，在不同特性的研究區，整體精度皆可達到90%以上。而對薄雲去除而言，三個波段在視覺上能達到一些改善的效果，對於地物光譜資訊還原方面，就全幅影像來探討，薄雲過濾器提升了約4%的分類精度，而就各分區來探討，過濾器對雲區的分類精度提升最多，達到了6%，無雲無影區亦有少許提升，影區的分類精度則反而下降，雖然薄雲過濾器無法全面提升影像各區之分類精度，然而其去雲的功效已有發揮。而薄雲過濾器也減輕了薄雲對NDVI值的影響，使其接近無雲狀態下的地物光譜資訊。總體來看，薄雲過濾器對影像分類以及NDVI值的改善程度而言在統計上有達到顯著性 (p < 0.01)。本研究之成果可應用在土地利用判釋和農作物產量估測中的影像前處理程序，除能減少人工判釋和去除雲層的人力，也可增加衛星影像的利用度。Cloud cover is an inevitable interference when mapping land use/cover with optical satellite imagery. In this study, we apply region growing processing to delineate unrecoverable thick cloud and use Fourier analysis to recover ground information from hazy areas with single temporal imagery.
Several methodologies across literature successfully solve cloud problems, but most methods require additional cloud-free reference areas or imagery, which may be unavailable in the real world. Moreover, visual methods rather than quantitative methods are used for assessing results, which can be subjective and arbitrary. Most importantly, the feasibility of applying haze-off imagery to image classification is seldom discussed.
To overcome the existing limits, expert method is applied to assess the thick cloud delineation and image classification and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to evaluate the recovery degree of ground information after the haze-off processing for quantitative verification of the results. This study revises the image enhancement and region growing algorithm to delineate unrecoverable thick cloud. Accuracy assessment shows the overall accuracy of delineation could be 90% above in each study area. For hazy areas, Fourier analysis is used to reduce haze interference and recover ground information. The proposed haze filter increases the overall accuracy of the whole scenes by about 4%. The overall accuracy of hazy areas in the imagery increases the most (by 6%), while that of shadow areas decreased slightly. The influence of haze on NDVI is also reduced with statistical significance (p < 0.01). Both thick cloud and hazy areas processing can be achieved with no cloud-free area or reference imagery required. Future applications include preprocessing of satellite imagery in land use/cover mapping, which can decrease the manpower to interpret and remove cloud areas and increase the usability of the satellite imagery
INTEGRATING REMOTE SENSING, SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND CERTAINTY FACTOR MODEL FOR WASTE DUMPING RISK ASSESSMENT
No full textA Study of the Relationship Between Peer Interaction and Delinquency of Junior High Student
No full text本文目的在於同時考慮吸菸、喝酒、吸毒與蹺課之間的互相影響關係，並以遞延時間變數解決同儕互動所產生的內生性問題。採用中央研究院社會科學研究所執行之「青少年個人生活學業評量」問卷調查資料。使用兩階段迴歸分析方式，以Multivariate Probit Model得到結果。結果發現蹺課會正向誘發吸菸、喝酒與吸毒的機率，吸菸會正向誘發喝酒、吸毒與蹺課的機率，且國三所產生的偏差行為相互影響的顯著行為相對國二多出許多。表示國二時期出現了蹺課行為，接下來就會誘發其他的偏差行為的產生，且到了國三更為嚴重。就同儕方面，同儕的偏差行為影響，國二時統計上的結果無顯著現象是由於學生的社交網絡尚未定型。然而到了國三社交網絡大致上已經定型，同儕行為的影響變得非常顯著。Many years of concerted policy effort in young people from experimenting with smoking, alcohol ,illicit-drug use and truant. We use detailed panel data from Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica survey to examine delinquency by Taiwan junior high student.We find that, significant and positive peer effects were found for smoking, alcohol ,illicit-drug use and truant activities.These behaviors are correlated with lagged peer group behavior. Peer group effects are strongest for smoking. Last, we present delinquency interaction,we find that, truant positively induce smoking, alcohol, illicit-drug use
Immunomodulatory and Antioxidative Activity of Lactic Acid Fermented Defatted Sesame Meal
No full text芝麻粕為榨油後的廢棄物，成分主要以蛋白質為主，常作為動物飼料或是肥料來利用。而芝麻粕中的木酚素 (lignan)，已經證實具許多生理活性，研究指出芝麻粕中以sesaminol triglucoside (STG) 為主要成份，但體外實驗中其抗氧化力的效果並不顯著，不過經過代謝或水解卻可增加其抗氧化力，乳酸菌具有β-glucosidase，可將配糖體化合物進行去糖基，同時具有對人體健康有益的功效，因此本研究利用Lactobacillus plantarum BCRC 11697、Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696、Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079、Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53013、Streptococcus thermophilus BCRC 14087、Lactobacillus casei 01和Lactococcus lactis 等常見的七株乳酸菌進行發酵並評估其生理活性。本實驗中分析乳酸菌在芝麻粕的生長情形，進一步評估芝麻粕發酵液的水萃物和95%乙醇萃出物之抗氧化力和免疫調節活性。果顯示 L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696和 L. casei 01表現較高的菌數、較低的pH值以及較高的可滴定酸，同時去除STG的醣基能力也較佳。在抗氧化方面，以乙醇萃取物表現較好，其中以 L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696的乙醇萃取物其DPPH的 EC50 (160.6 ± 6.50 μg /mL)、TEAC (0.34 ± 0.02 mM Trolox equiv.)、ORAC (1.06 ± 0.02 mM Trolox equiv.) 等抗氧化力，以及總酚含量上都優於其他菌種。 調節免疫功能方面，顯示水萃物具有較佳的促免疫效果，其中又以 S. thermophilus BCRC 14087對於增加巨噬細胞 RAW 264.7分泌 TNF-α 最顯著；而乙醇萃取物則對降發炎有較好的效果，其中以 L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696效果最好，在100 μg/mL下可以分別降低TNF-α約31.25 %以及IL-6約36.5%的分泌量。進一步以芝麻粕乙醇萃取物來進行發酵來確認效果的來源，結果顯示抗氧化增加的主要來源可能是STG經去醣基後造成的；而降發炎的效果可能不是由脫脂芝麻粕中的木酚素或是梅納反應的物質所主導，推測可能是其他小分子經代謝後表現的效果。Sesame meal obtained from oil extraction of sesame. The main composition is protein and was commonly used as feed ingredients or compost for domestic animals. Sesame meal contains lignan compounds which have been proven to exert many biological activties. Studies indicated that sesaminol triglucoside in sesame seeds are the major lignans that display biological activities. The antioxidative activities of sesaminol triglucoside were weak in vitro, but they have been reported to suppress oxidative stress after being metabolized or hydrolized in vivo. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have high β-glucosidase activity which can hydrolyze the glycosides attached to the lignans. Moreover, LAB also exhibit several bio-functions. In this study, the sesame meal were first prepared by cultured with lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum BCRC 11697, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696, Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103, Streptococcus thermophilus BCRC 14087, Lactobacillus casei 01 and Lactococcus lactis, which to enhance the function of sesame meal. The growths of various LAB in sesame meal were observed. The antioxidative and immunomodulatory activity of water extract and ethanol extract of lactic acid bacteria fermented defatted sesame meal were further determined.esults showed that L.delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696 and L. casei 01 have higher cell counts, lower pH, higher titratable acidity, and higher deglycosilation activity. Generally, ethanol extract exhibited stronger antioxidant actvity than water extracts. Additionally,the ethanol extract of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696 showed the strongest antioxidative of EC50 for DPPH(160.6 ± 6.50 μg /mL), TEAC(0.34± 0.02 mM Trolox equiv.), ORAC(1.06 ± 0.02 mM Trolox equiv.), and also contains the highest concentration of total polyphenols.ater extracts showed the highest immune promotion activity in immunoregulation assays. S. thermophilus BCRC 14087 exhibited the highest activity which increased the secretion of TNF-α. However, 95% ethanol extracts of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus BCRC 10696 exerted strongest anti-inflammation activity, with , of which under 100 μg/mL, TNF-α was decreased by 31.25 %, and IL-6 decreased by 36.5 %.o further confirm the results, a sesame meal extract was used. Results indicated that the increased of antioxidative activity in fermented sesame meal were due to deglycosylated of sesaminol triglucoside. In addition, the results illustrated that small molecules are responsible for the immunoregulatory effect other than the Maillard reaction products or sesame lignans.中文摘要....................................................ibstract..................................................iii錄........................................................v目錄....................................................vii目錄.....................................................ix、前言....................................................1、文獻整理................................................2、芝麻....................................................2. 芝麻簡介.................................................2. 芝麻成分和營養價值.......................................3、益生菌..................................................9. 益生菌定義...............................................9. 益生菌的具備的特性......................................10. 益生菌的健康功效........................................11、乳酸菌.................................................17. 乳酸菌的定義和特性......................................17. 乳酸菌之分類............................................17、氧化反應及抗氧化機制...................................18. 自由基和活性氧的產生....................................18. 氧化傷害................................................18. 抗氧化作用機制..........................................19. 抗氧化活性測試原理......................................21、發炎反應...............................................23. 簡介....................................................23. 巨噬細胞................................................24. 脂多醣體 (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 與巨噬細胞之活化.....25. 促發炎細胞激素..........................................26、實驗目的與實驗架構.....................................28、實驗目的...............................................28、實驗架構...............................................29、材料與方法.............................................31、實驗材料...............................................31. 試驗原料................................................31. 試驗用菌種..............................................31. 試驗用細胞株............................................31. 培養基..................................................31、藥品...................................................32. 發酵實驗................................................32. 抗氧化實驗..............................................32. 免疫調節實驗............................................32. 溶劑....................................................33.標準品...................................................33、儀器...................................................33. 化學抗氧化能力及免疫能力分析相關儀器設備................33. 化學分析相關儀器設備....................................34、實驗方法...............................................35.菌株之保存與活化.........................................35. 脫脂芝麻粕發酵液製備及分析..............................35. 脫脂芝麻粕發酵液水萃物及乙醇萃取物之製備................36. 水萃物和乙醇萃取物之Lignan成份分析......................37. 脫脂芝麻粕發酵液萃取物之抗氧化性測定....................37. 脫脂芝麻粕發酵液萃取物之免疫調節功能....................39. 乳酸發酵芝麻木酚素之乙醇萃取物製備......................42. 統計分析................................................43、結果與討論.............................................44、脫脂芝麻粕乳酸菌發酵過程實驗...........................44. 發酵過程中乳酸菌菌數之變化..............................44. 發酵過程中pH和可滴定酸度之變化..........................44、脫脂芝麻粕發酵液的水萃和乙醇萃取率.....................45、水萃物和乙醇萃取物之Lignan成份分析.....................45、脫脂芝麻粕發酵液水萃物和乙醇萃取物的抗氧化能力.........46. DPPH 自由基清除能力.....................................47. 總抗氧化能力 (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity,TEAC) ...........................................................47. 氧自由基吸收能力 (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC) ...........................................................48. 水萃物和乙醇萃取物總酚含量..............................48、脫脂芝麻粕發酵液水萃物和乙醇萃物的免疫調節能力.........50. 細胞生存率-DNA定量分析..................................50、以乳酸發酵芝麻粕萃取物來確認抗氧化和抗發炎能力的來源...54. 乳酸發酵芝麻粕萃取物之乙醇萃取物之DPPH清除能力..........55. 乳酸發酵芝麻粕萃取物之免疫調節..........................55、參考文獻...............................................8
Unusual Transformations in Diphosphine-Bridged Diruthenium(I) Complexes; Reactions with a Ru?Ru Triple Bond Bearing Four Bridging Ligands
No full textXinjiang (China), folk dancing of Uyghurs
No full textFolk-dance of UighursImage is part of research conducted by Chang Chih-Yi for the article: Land Utilization and Settlement Possibilities in Sinkiang
Author(s): Chang Chih-Yi
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 57-75
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157Grayscal
Chronic kidney disease affects the stone-free rate after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for proximal ureteric stones
No full textThe Study of Kangxi' Emperor's Chun Qiu Jie Yi
No full textWhen Chun Qiu was passed down to Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, it had already had a history of two millennia in which it underwent elaborations and explanations by both emperors and scholars. The preceding explicatory attempts had accumulated to not only form an enormous system of interpretation but also develop many important issues.
After having ascended to authority, Emperor Kangxi commissioned the Hanlin imperial academicians to expound Chun Qiu for him. Kangxi Emperor\ue2s Chun Qiu Jie Yi (referred to hereafter as Chun Qiu Jie Yi) is an anthology of the teaching materials used in the lectures. As newcomers to the long procession of previous interpreters of Chun Qiu, Kangxi and the academicians could not help having to respond to both the existent scholarship on the gist and calligraphy of the classic and the issues foregrounded by biographies and explanatory notes on which their own explications were based. Moreover, when it came to appropriating and extolling Chinese classics, the emperors reigning at the dawn of the Qing Dynasty, being foreign rulers, could not possibly bypass the exegetical tradition of Chun Qiu and were expected to declare their perspectives on the issues emphasized therein. Therefore, one of the aims of this dissertation is to examine how Chun Qiu Jie Yi responds to the issues in the exegetical system of Chun Qiu.
In addition, Chun Qiu Jie Yi should be regarded as a work collaboratively written by Emperor Kangxi and his assembly of lecturers specializing in classics, known as rijiang officials. Since as early as the Song Dynasty, the jingyan rijiang officials have conferred upon themselves grand ideals and great duties, maintaining \ue2the greatest responsibilities of the country rest upon the shoulders of zaixiang (the prime minister) and jingyan: whereas the former is responsible for bringing order and peace to the country, the latter is held accountable for imparting morality and virtues to the sovereign.\ue2 In Qing, a dynasty characterized by the growing concentration of power in one individual, becoming the emperor\ue2s rijiang official virtually amounted to an opportunity of a lifetime, for it allowed scholars to mold the sovereign\ue2s thinking thoroughly over an extended period of time, thereby enabling them to realize their aspiration of bettering the world. Since Chun Qiu primarily concerns events in the political realm, it has lent itself to initiating and facilitating discussions of politics as the rijiang officials saw fit. Here, what demands attention is that, in the study, the monarch temporarily assumed the role of a student while his officials preached. Beyond the study, however, the hierarchy was resumed and the ruler-subject relationship was restored. Such alternation of the dual relationship is also an aspect worthy of further consideration in Chun Qiu Jie Yi. This dissertation intends to compare the exegetic works cited in Chun Qiu Jie Yi, in hopes of assessing the attainability of the rijiang officials\ue2 aspiration to act as the emperor\ue2s mentors.
The dissertation approaches Chun Qiu Jie Yi as a historical activity. Hence, it attempts to contextualize the anthology, to reconstruct the circumstances in which Kangxi and his rijiang officials undertook the explication of Chu Qiu, and to scrutinize their interpretive behaviors and the underlying ideologies as well as purposes. On the grounds of this premise, when discussing the hermeneutic activities in Chun Qiu Jie Yi, the dissertation aims to first point out the ideas the anthology conveys, highlighting its concerns about a sovereign\ue2s method of governing a country. Second, the dissertation shifts the focus from what the anthology is about to how Kangxi and his officials\ue2 viewpoints on political doctrines were articulated. It proceeds to analyze the hermeneutics as well as ensuing pitfalls of Chun Qiu Jie Yi, with the aim of calling attention to the similarities between the anthology\ue2s reading of Chun Qiu and the decoding activity that extends from the author (real or implied) to the reader (real or ideal) as proposed in the contemporary theory of narratology. Third, the dissertation zeroes in on the exegetic works cited in Chun Qiu Jie Yi in order to, on the one hand, investigate the anthology\ue2s response to and evasion of key issues accentuated by scholars of preceding dynasties and the history of Chu Qiu studies and, on the other hand, probe into the interrelationship between the exegesis of the classic and the political appropriation of such a literary classic as exemplified therein. Finally, the dissertation ventures to suggest that in the heart of the hermeneutics adopted in Chun Qiu Jie Yi lies a structure akin to a flower with multiple layers of petals\ue2a structure of thinking wherein the anthology strives to both establish its legitimacy in understanding the profound teachings of Confucius and canonize its interpretation as the paradigm their literary and political successors would consult. It concerns not only how traditional intellectuals approached an ancient classic but also how scholars of Han descent, in particular, consciously appropriated the classic to serve their roles as teachers for a foreign emperor in early Qing
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