1,721,097 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Studies on Energy Loss in Organic Solar Cells
No full textOrganic solar cells have gained significant attention as a leading contender among next-generation photovoltaic devices due to their lightweight, flexibility, and compatibility with solution processes. Conventional organic solar cells have been fabricated using conjugated polymers as donors and fullerene as acceptors, achieving a power conversion efficiency of approximately 11-12%. However, the power conversion efficiency of these organic solar cells has been rapidly improved since the emergence of non-fullerene acceptors. In 2018, J. Yuan et al. developed a non-fullerene acceptor named Y6, characterized by a small energy offset, robust light absorption in the near-infrared region, and high carrier mobility. Subsequent research has extensively investigated Y6-based organic solar cells, and currently, these devices demonstrate a photovoltaic conversion efficiency exceeding 19%, marking a substantial advancement in the field. According to the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit, the theoretically highest power conversion efficiency achievable by organic solar cells is approximately 32%. However, the reported maximum power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells to date is around 60% level, relatively lower than other types of solar cells, owing to significant energy losses during operation, resulting in a lower open-circuit voltage. Additionally, factors determining the efficiency of solar cells, such as short-circuit current density and fill factor, have already surpassed 75% of the SQ limit. Therefore, addressing the issue of energy loss is a more effective strategy for increasing power conversion efficiency. In this study, we analyze the energy loss in organic solar cells to understand the underlying causes. Furthermore, we propose solutions to overcome these issues, aiming to devise strategies that approach the SQ limit and achieve higher power conversion efficiency. In PART I, the fundamentals and background of organic solar cells are introduced. The causes of energy loss in organic solar cells need to be examined from a different perspective compared to other types of solar cells, primarily due to the construction of the bulk-heterojunction structure in the active layer of organic solar cells. Concepts related to this were covered, along with the design of devices for energy loss measurement, including Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy (FTPS), and methods for characterizing organic solar cell properties. In PART II, we explore the fundamental theories and practical applications related to energy loss in organic solar cells, starting from the detailed balance limit proposed by W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser in 1961. The energy loss model, based on the principle of detailed balance and the reciprocity theorem derived from the SQ limit, was introduced by the research team of T. Kirchartz and U. Rau in 2008. This model categorizes energy loss within solar cells into losses due to the SQ limit, radiative recombination, and non-radiative recombination. To apply this energy loss model to practical cases, Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy (FTPS) was employed to measure the external quantum efficiency spectrum, along with the application of the reciprocity theorem alongside electroluminescence spectra. Three representative cases applying the energy loss model were selected and analyzed in this study: i) The impact of the chemical design of the active layer material on energy loss. ii) The influence of surface treatment processes on the ZnO electron transport layer on energy loss. iii) Energy loss based on the structure of the active layer: BHJ, bilayer, and pseudo-bilayer. This research, rooted in energy loss, is expected to provide deeper insights into the factors affecting the open-circuit voltage during the fabrication of organic solar cells. It aims to offer better ideas for material design, surface treatment, and fabrication processes. In PART III, we have addressed the investigation of charge transfer (CT) states in organic solar cells. CT states are inherent to the bulk-heterojunction structure. Excitons generated upon light absorption consume energy at the donor-acceptor interface, leading to the separation of electrons and holes, ultimately forming CT states. Traditionally, energy loss due to CT states has been significant in fullerene-based organic solar cells; however, recent reports suggest it is nearly negligible in non- fullerene-based counterparts. This discrepancy arises from the challenge of observing CT states in the low-energy region of the external quantum efficiency spectrum in non-fullerene-based organic solar cells. Nonetheless, our study utilized electroluminescence deconvolution methods to demonstrate the existence of CT states in non-fullerene-based organic solar cells and revealed that, in these systems, only the behavior of holes in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) region significantly influences CT states. To precisely measure CT states, we applied the Franck-Condon principle and Marcus's inverted region to external quantum efficiency and electroluminescence spectra. This approach was experimentally validated across nine types of bulk-heterojunctions formed by three donor and three acceptor combinations. Our study is the first to clearly elucidate the presence of CT states and their impact on energy loss in non-fullerene-based organic solar cells. As CT states play a crucial role in explaining the limits of energy loss in organic solar cells, understanding and evaluating the impact of CT states can contribute to the fabrication of higher-performance organic solar cells, especially those with high efficiency using non-fullerene acceptors.Docto
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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