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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Caractérisation expérimentale de l'influence de l'hydrogène gazeux sur la propagation et la plasticité en pointe de fissure de fatigue dans le fer ARMCO
No full textThe objective of this study is to experimentally characterize Hydrogen-Affected Fatigue Crack Growth (HAFCG) behavior under various conditions and clarify the mechanism by focusing on crack tip plasticity. For this objective, as a first step, the influence of hydrogen on plastic deformation has been investigated by means of tensile tests in a commercially pure iron, Armco iron, under gaseous hydrogen. The results of the tests pointed out that the hydrogen effect on crack propagation is more important than that on uniform plastic deformation. Then, the HAFCG was investigated by means of FCG tests under various conditions of crack tip stress intensity ΔK, hydrogen gas pressure (PH2 = 3.5 and 35 MPa) and loading frequency (f = 0.02 – 20 Hz). It has been revealed that the FCGRs in a high ΔK regime were highly enhanced by hydrogen up to 50 times higher than the one in air. The fracture mode was a brittle intergranular fracture in a low ΔK regime, while it is a brittle transgranular quasi-cleavage one in a high ΔK regime. The value of ΔKtr (value of ΔK triggering the FCGR enhancement) decreases by increasing the pressure PH2. Besides, the FCGR enhancement increases by decreasing the frequency f. Once f becomes lower than a critical value, the HAFCG rate significantly decreases down to the same level as in nitrogen., The crack tip plasticity was analyzed in a multiscale approach by means of optical microscopy, out-of-plane displacement measurement, and scanning transmission electron microscopy of dislocation structure immediately beneath the fracture surface (FIB/STEM). As a result, no clear modification of monotonic crack tip plasticity by hydrogen was observed, while a drastic reduction of cyclic crack tip plasticity associated with the FCGR enhancement was identified. Based on the experimental evidences, models of the hydrogen-induced intergranular FCG mechanism involving microvoid coalescence along grain boundary and the hydrogen-induced transgranular FCG mechanism involving cyclic cleavage due to crack tip plasticity reduction have been proposed. Three characteristic criteria of HAFCG (ΔKtr, hydrogen gradient (PH2 × f)1/2 and upper limit of FCGR) have been established. These criteria are expected to be useful for improving fatigue design and reliability of hydrogen-related equipment.L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser expérimentalement la propagation de fissures de fatigue affectée par l’hydrogène (Hydrogen-Affected Fatigue Crack Growth, HAFCG) dans diverses conditions et de clarifier le mécanisme impliqué en se concentrant sur la plasticité en pointe de fissures. Pour cet objectif, dans une première étape, l’influence de l’hydrogène sur la déformation plastique a été étudiée à l’aide d’essais de traction effectués sur un fer commercialement pur, le fer Armco, sous hydrogène gazeux. Les résultats ont montré que l’effet de l’hydrogène sur la propagation des fissures après apparition de la striction est plus important que celui sur la déformation plastique uniforme. Le HAFCG a ensuite été étudié au moyen d’essais de fissuration pour diverses valeurs de l’amplitude de facteur d’intensité de contrainte ΔK, de pression d’hydrogène (PH2 = 3,5 et 35 MPa) et de fréquence de chargement (f = 0,02 - 20 Hz). Il a été révélé que les vitesses de propagation dans un régime à ΔK élevé étaient fortement augmentées par l'hydrogène, jusqu'à 50 fois plus élevé que celles dans l'air. Le mode de rupture est une rupture intergranulaire fragile dans un régime de propagation à faible ΔK, alors qu’on observe une rupture transgranulaire de type quasi-clivage dans un régime à ΔK élevé. La valeur de ΔKtr (valeur de ΔK déclenchant l'augmentation de la vitesse de fissuration) diminue en augmentant la pression PH2. En outre, la vitesse augmente en diminuant la fréquence f. Une fois que la fréquence devient inférieure à une valeur critique, la vitesse de fissuration diminue considérablement jusqu'au même niveau que celle sous azote. La plasticité en pointe de fissure a été analysée à plusieurs échelles par microscopie optique, par mesure de déplacement hors plan et par microscopie électronique à balayage par transmission de la structure de dislocation située immédiatement sous la surface de rupture (FIB/STEM). Aucune modification claire de la zone plastique monotone en pointe de fissure sous hydrogène n’a été observée, alors qu’une réduction drastique de la plasticité cyclique associée à l'augmentation de la vitesse a été identifiée. Sur la base des observations expérimentales, des modèles de mécanisme de fissuration intergranulaire induit par l'hydrogène impliquant la coalescence des micro-vides le long de joints de grain et de mécanisme de fissuration transgranulaire induit par l'hydrogène impliquant un clivage cyclique dû à la réduction de la plasticité en pointe de fissure ont été proposés. Trois critères caractéristiques de fissuration assistée par hydrogène (ΔKtr, gradient d'hydrogène (PH2 × f)1/2 et limite supérieure de vitesse de fissuration) ont été établis. Ces critères devraient être utiles pour améliorer la conception en fatigue et la fiabilité des équipements exposés à l'hydrogène gazeux
Caractérisation expérimentale de l'influence de l'hydrogène gazeux sur la propagation et la plasticité en pointe de fissure de fatigue dans le fer ARMCO
No full textThe objective of this study is to experimentally characterize Hydrogen-Affected Fatigue Crack Growth (HAFCG) behavior under various conditions and clarify the mechanism by focusing on crack tip plasticity. For this objective, as a first step, the influence of hydrogen on plastic deformation has been investigated by means of tensile tests in a commercially pure iron, Armco iron, under gaseous hydrogen. The results of the tests pointed out that the hydrogen effect on crack propagation is more important than that on uniform plastic deformation. Then, the HAFCG was investigated by means of FCG tests under various conditions of crack tip stress intensity ΔK, hydrogen gas pressure (PH2 = 3.5 and 35 MPa) and loading frequency (f = 0.02 – 20 Hz). It has been revealed that the FCGRs in a high ΔK regime were highly enhanced by hydrogen up to 50 times higher than the one in air. The fracture mode was a brittle intergranular fracture in a low ΔK regime, while it is a brittle transgranular quasi-cleavage one in a high ΔK regime. The value of ΔKtr (value of ΔK triggering the FCGR enhancement) decreases by increasing the pressure PH2. Besides, the FCGR enhancement increases by decreasing the frequency f. Once f becomes lower than a critical value, the HAFCG rate significantly decreases down to the same level as in nitrogen., The crack tip plasticity was analyzed in a multiscale approach by means of optical microscopy, out-of-plane displacement measurement, and scanning transmission electron microscopy of dislocation structure immediately beneath the fracture surface (FIB/STEM). As a result, no clear modification of monotonic crack tip plasticity by hydrogen was observed, while a drastic reduction of cyclic crack tip plasticity associated with the FCGR enhancement was identified. Based on the experimental evidences, models of the hydrogen-induced intergranular FCG mechanism involving microvoid coalescence along grain boundary and the hydrogen-induced transgranular FCG mechanism involving cyclic cleavage due to crack tip plasticity reduction have been proposed. Three characteristic criteria of HAFCG (ΔKtr, hydrogen gradient (PH2 × f)1/2 and upper limit of FCGR) have been established. These criteria are expected to be useful for improving fatigue design and reliability of hydrogen-related equipment.L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser expérimentalement la propagation de fissures de fatigue affectée par l’hydrogène (Hydrogen-Affected Fatigue Crack Growth, HAFCG) dans diverses conditions et de clarifier le mécanisme impliqué en se concentrant sur la plasticité en pointe de fissures. Pour cet objectif, dans une première étape, l’influence de l’hydrogène sur la déformation plastique a été étudiée à l’aide d’essais de traction effectués sur un fer commercialement pur, le fer Armco, sous hydrogène gazeux. Les résultats ont montré que l’effet de l’hydrogène sur la propagation des fissures après apparition de la striction est plus important que celui sur la déformation plastique uniforme. Le HAFCG a ensuite été étudié au moyen d’essais de fissuration pour diverses valeurs de l’amplitude de facteur d’intensité de contrainte ΔK, de pression d’hydrogène (PH2 = 3,5 et 35 MPa) et de fréquence de chargement (f = 0,02 - 20 Hz). Il a été révélé que les vitesses de propagation dans un régime à ΔK élevé étaient fortement augmentées par l'hydrogène, jusqu'à 50 fois plus élevé que celles dans l'air. Le mode de rupture est une rupture intergranulaire fragile dans un régime de propagation à faible ΔK, alors qu’on observe une rupture transgranulaire de type quasi-clivage dans un régime à ΔK élevé. La valeur de ΔKtr (valeur de ΔK déclenchant l'augmentation de la vitesse de fissuration) diminue en augmentant la pression PH2. En outre, la vitesse augmente en diminuant la fréquence f. Une fois que la fréquence devient inférieure à une valeur critique, la vitesse de fissuration diminue considérablement jusqu'au même niveau que celle sous azote. La plasticité en pointe de fissure a été analysée à plusieurs échelles par microscopie optique, par mesure de déplacement hors plan et par microscopie électronique à balayage par transmission de la structure de dislocation située immédiatement sous la surface de rupture (FIB/STEM). Aucune modification claire de la zone plastique monotone en pointe de fissure sous hydrogène n’a été observée, alors qu’une réduction drastique de la plasticité cyclique associée à l'augmentation de la vitesse a été identifiée. Sur la base des observations expérimentales, des modèles de mécanisme de fissuration intergranulaire induit par l'hydrogène impliquant la coalescence des micro-vides le long de joints de grain et de mécanisme de fissuration transgranulaire induit par l'hydrogène impliquant un clivage cyclique dû à la réduction de la plasticité en pointe de fissure ont été proposés. Trois critères caractéristiques de fissuration assistée par hydrogène (ΔKtr, gradient d'hydrogène (PH2 × f)1/2 et limite supérieure de vitesse de fissuration) ont été établis. Ces critères devraient être utiles pour améliorer la conception en fatigue et la fiabilité des équipements exposés à l'hydrogène gazeux
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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