759 research outputs found
Extended silicone oil tamponade in primary vitrectomy for complex retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a long-term follow-up study.
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HIGH RESOLUTION FOURIER TRANSFORM EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF YH AND YD.
No full textAuthor Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona; Department of Chemistry, University of WaterlooThe electronic emission spectrum of YH and YD has been investigated in the 690 nm to 3 spectral region using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The YH and YD bands were excited in an yttrium hollow cathode lamp operated with neon gas and a trace of of The observed bands have been classified into three different electronic transitions; and . The transition of YD could not be identified due to its very weak intensity. The rotational analysis of several bands of the transition (up to for YH and for YD) provides improved equilibrium vibrational and rotational constants for the ground state of YH and YD. The excited state is involved in several perturbations
FLP Semantics Without Circular Justifications for General Logic Programs
No full textThe FLP semantics presented by (Faber, Leone, and Pfeifer 2004) has been widely used to define answer sets, called FLP answer sets, for different types of logic programs such as logic programs with aggregates, description logic programs (dl-programs), Hex programs, and logic programs with first-order formulas (general logic programs). However, it was recently observed that the FLP semantics may produce unintuitive answer sets with circular justifications caused by self-supporting loops. In this paper, we address the circular justification problem for general logic programs by enhancing the FLP semantics with a level mapping formalism. In particular, we extend the Gelfond-Lifschitz three step definition of the standard answer set semantics from normal logic programs to general logic programs and define for general logic programs the first FLP semantics that is free of circular justifications.We call this FLP semantics the well-justified FLP semantics. This method naturally extends to general logic programs with additional constraints like aggregates, thus providing a unifying framework for defining the well-justified FLP semantics for various types of logic programs. When this method is applied to normal logic programs with aggregates, the well-justified FLP semantics agrees with the conditional satisfaction based semantics defined by (Son, Pontelli, and Tu 2007); and when applied to dlprograms, the semantics agrees with the strongly wellsupported semantics defined by (Shen 2011).Full Tex
Characterization of the main light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of green alga, Bryopsis corticulans
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The main light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b -protein complex (LHC II) has been isolated directly from thylakoid membranes of shiphonous green alga, Bryopsis corticulans Setch. by using two consecutive runs of anion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Monomeric and trimeric subcomplexes of LHC 11 were obtained by using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Pigment analysis by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), neoxanthin, violaxanthin and siphonaxanthin were involved in LHC 11 from B. corticulans. The properties of electronic transition of monomeric LHC II showed similarities to those of trimeric LHC II. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that strong intramolecular interaction of excitonic dipoles between Chl a and between Chl b exist in one LHC II apoprotein, while the intermolecular interaction of these dipoles can be intensified in the trimeric structure. The monomer has high efficient energy transfer from Chl b and siphonaxanthin to Chl a similarly to that of the trimer. Our results suggest that in B. corticulans, LHC II monomer has high ordered pigment organization that play effective physiological function as the trimer, and thus it might be also a functional organization existing in thylakoid membrane of B. corticulans.</p
Potential of terrestrial microalgae and cyanobacteria in environmental technology
No full textTerrestrial algae and cyanobacteria are widely distributed in special habitats. The observations in the field studies made by the authors' team are presented herewith: 1. Species composition and distribution of terrestrial algae in the paddy field, dry farmland and desert in the river basins of Changjiang (Yangtze), Yellow River and Helongjiang River in China, at various climate conditions are reported. A general mode of the vertical distribution is summarized. 2. Soil fertility improvement and bio-fertilizer development using terrestrial nitrogen-fixing microalgae have demonstrated their potential as the soil conditioner for dry farmland. 3. Results revealed that the potential of desert algae in desert fixation (colonization) is due to their capability to survive, ability to conglutinate sandy granules and resistance of the algal crust against wind-erosion. Artificial inoculation in field trials with desert algae in situ accelerated colonization of desert. 4. Useful species e.g. edible Nostoc were investigated. Utilization of useful products such as polysaccharides, growth promoting substance, pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the terrestrial algae were looked into. Results on polysaccharides from three species of Nostoc are briefly discussed
Evaluating epistemic negation in answer set programming
No full textAbstractEpistemic negation not along with default negation ¬ plays a key role in knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning. However, the existing epistemic approaches such as those by Gelfond [13,15,14], Truszczynski [33] and Kahl et al. [18] behave not satisfactorily in that they suffer from the problems of unintended world views due to recursion through the epistemic modal operator K or M (KF and MF are shorthands for ¬notF and not¬F, respectively). In this paper we present a new approach to handling epistemic negation which is free of unintended world views and thus offers a solution to the long-standing problem of epistemic specifications which were introduced by Gelfond [13] over two decades ago. We consider general logic programs consisting of rules of the form H←B, where H and B are arbitrary first-order formulas possibly containing epistemic negation, and define a general epistemic answer set semantics for general logic programs by introducing a novel program transformation and a new definition of world views in which we apply epistemic negation to minimize the knowledge in world views. The general epistemic semantics is applicable to extend any existing answer set semantics, such as those defined in [26,27,32,1,8,12,29], with epistemic negation. For illustration, we extend FLP answer set semantics of Faber et al. [8] for general logic programs with epistemic negation, leading to epistemic FLP semantics. We also extend the more restrictive well-justified FLP semantics of Shen et al. [29], which is free of circularity for default negation, to an epistemic well-justified semantics. We consider the computational complexity of epistemic FLP semantics and show that for a propositional program Π with epistemic negation, deciding whether Π has epistemic FLP answer sets is Σ3p-complete and deciding whether a propositional formula F is true in Π under epistemic FLP semantics is Σ4p-complete in general, but has lower complexity for logic programs that match normal epistemic specifications, where the complexity of world view existence and query evaluation drops by one level in the polynomial hierarchy
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Natural Propagation and Habitat improvement, Volume 2B, Washington, Similkameen River Habitat Inventory, 1983 Final Report.
No full textDuring the summer low flow period, a habitat assessment of the Similkameen, Tulameen, Ashnola and Pasayten rivers in British Columbia and Washington State was conducted between August 10 and October 10, 1983. The biophysical survey assessed 400 km (250 mi) of stream at 77 stations. Fish sampling was conducted at each station to assess the resident fish populations and standing crop. Rainbow trout populations and standing crops were found to be very low. Large populations of mountain whitefish and bridgelip suckers were present in the manstem Similkameen River below Similkameen Falls. High densities of sculpins and longnose dace were found throughout the system except for sculpins above the falls, where none were captured. Approximately 961,000 m/sup 2/ (1,150,000 yd/sup 2/) of spawnable area for steelhead trout were estimated for the entire system which could accommodate 98,000 spawners. Nearly 367,000 m/sup 2/ (439,000 yd/sup 2/) of chinook salmon spawnable area was also estimated, capable of accommodating 55,000 chinook. Rearing area for steelhead trout smolts was estimated for the whole system at 1.8 million m/sup 2/ (2.2 million yd/sup 2/). Chinook salmon smolt rearing area was estimated at 700,000 m/sup 2/ (837,000 yd/sup 2/). Rearing area was found to be a limiting factor to anadromous production in a Similkameen River system. Smolt production from the system was estimated 610,000 steelhead trout and between 1.6 million and 4.8 million chinook salmon. No water quality, temperature or flow problems for anadromous salmonids were evident from the available data and the habitat inventory. In addition to an impassable falls on the Tulameen River at river mile 32.5, only two other areas of difficult passage exist in the system, Similkameen Falls (a series of chutes) and the steep, narrow lower section of the Ashnola River. 51 references, 18 figures, 25 tables
Metabolomics Analysis for Defining Serum Biochemical Markers in Colorectal Cancer Patients with Qi Deficiency Syndrome or Yin Deficiency Syndrome
No full textColorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of tumor-associated death, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classifies colorectal cancer into various subtypes mainly according to the symptomatic pattern identification (ZHENG). Here, we investigated the difference in metabolic profiles of serum by comparing colorectal cancer subjects with Nondeficiency (ND), Qi deficiency (QD), and Yin deficiency (YD). The ratio of subjects with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was higher in YD pattern, and the ratio of subjects with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) was higher both in YD and in QD, compared with ND. As a result of metabolomics analysis, twenty-five metabolites displayed differences between QD and ND, while twenty-eight metabolites displayed differences between YD and ND. The downregulated metabolites in QD/ND and YD/ND mainly include carbohydrates and the upregulated metabolites mainly include amino acids and fatty acids, suggesting conversion obstruction of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids occurs in patients with QD and YD compared with ND. Our results demonstrate that colorectal cancer patients with QD or YD were associated with metabolic disorders and the variations of serum metabolic profiles may serve as potential biochemical markers for diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer patients displayed QD or YD patterns.</jats:p
Dietary supplementation with yeast hydrolysate in pregnancy influences colostrum yield and gut microbiota of sows and piglets after birth.
Full text linkDietary supplementation with yeast derivatives (YD) contributes to the health and physiology of sows and piglets, but few studies have focused on how it influences gut health and performance of sows and piglets. The goal was therefore to examine whether YD, based on brewer's yeast hydrolysate added to pregnancy diet, would affect colostrum composition, yield (CY) and gut microbiota of sows and piglets. Sows were allocated to either a control diet (n = 19) or a control diet supplemented with 2g YD/kg (n = 18) during the pregnancy. Piglets suckling belonging to the control sows (n = 114) and supplemented sows (n = 108) were also included in the study. Gut microbiota populations of sows at farrowing and piglets at one and four weeks of age were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Colostrum samples were examined for nutritional composition and immunoglobulin (Ig) content. All piglets were individually weighed at birth and 24 hours later in order to calculate CY, and later at four weeks to calculate average daily gain (ADG). Protein, lactose and dry matter content of colostrum did not significantly differ between the two groups, while sows fed YD had higher levels of fat in their colostrum (P 0.05). Colostrum yield was lower in the control than that in YD group (3701g vs. 4581 g; P <0.05). Although the YD supplementation did not change fecal bacteria diversity in sow, more beneficial and fermentative bacteria (Roseburia, Paraprevotella, Eubacterium) were found in the YD fed group (P <0.01) while, some opportunistic pathogens, including Proteobacteria, especially the genera Desulfovibrio, Escherichia/Shigella and Helicobacter, were suppressed. Piglets at one week of age from sows fed YD had more beneficial microbial populations with significant diversity and fewer opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, we established a Pearson's correlations between CY, colostrum components, piglet birth weight and fecal microbiota. Therefore, YD added to the sow diet during pregnancy increases colostrum availability and its energy content for neonate piglets, also promoting beneficial maternal microbial sources for neonate
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