3,516 research outputs found
Heterogeneous Catalysts For Liquid-phase Oxidations: Philosophers' Stones Or Trojan Horses?
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Chemicals from renewable biomass: A renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry
No full textThe conversion of sugars, derived from waste polysaccharide biomass, to commodity chemicals by fermentation or catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation or dehydration or combinations thereof are reviewed.Accepted Author ManuscriptBT/Biocatalysi
Stereo- and Regioselectivity of the Diels-Adler Reaction of Novel Thebaine Analogues
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Mesoporous Catalyst and/or Carrier TUD-1 for Sustainable Chemistry
No full textHeterogeneous catalysts, namely zeolites (crystalline aluminosilicates with pore size up to 1.2 nm) are applied in the production of mostly small sized, bulk chemicals due to their narrow pore size. To extend the use of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of fine chemicals by employment of mesoporous materials that can accommodate much larger molecules than traditional zeolites, TUD-1 (having pore size larger than 2 nm), developed at the Technical University Delft have been applied. TUD-1 was used as carrier for successful chiral cyclopropanation catalysts. TUD-1 has been used as a Brønsted acidic mesoporous support. Brønsted acid sites were introduced by supporting phosphotungstic acid on an all alumina TUD-1 matrix (PW-TUD-Al2O3) or by substitution of Si by Al in an all silica TUD-1 matrix (Al-TUD-1). The chiral cyclopropanation catalysts were immobilized by different non-covalent immobilization techniques. Heterogeneous chiral cyclopropanation catalysts were used for synthesis of highly strained cyclopropanes found in many natural products e.g. in insecticides such as pyrethrins. It is generally known that mesoporus aluminosilicates are much weaker acids than crystalline aluminosilicates such as zeolites. To increase their acidity we synthesized bimetallic Al-Zr-TUD-1 catalysts. Al-Zr-TUD-1’s were synthesized with variable amounts of aluminium and zirconium to study the effect on the Brønsted and Lewis acidity as well as on the resulting catalytic activity. Bimetallic Al-Zr-TUD-1 proved to possess synergistic properties in intramolecular Prins cyclisation of citronellal.Biotechnology/BioCatalysis and Organic ChemistryDelft University of Technolog
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Structural investigations of amavadin-based vanadium complexes
No full textThis thesis is focused on the synthesis and structure of amavadin and related complexes. Secondly, amavadin's catalytic properties are explored. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the chemistry of vanadium. Chapter 2 describes the first enantioselective synthesis of the amavadin ligand and the preparation of amavadin, including its optical antipode. Chapter 3 deals with the synthesis of amavadin-like ligands, i.e. N-substituted N-hydroxy amino acids. The first approach comprised cyanide addition to nitrones, but the hydrolysis of the resulting alpha-cyano secondary hydroxylamines was unsuccessful. The second approach comprised nitrone reduction ('reductive hydroxylamination') and proved to be a versatile method to prepare amavadin-based ligands. An interesting spin-off is an effective and easily applicable method to obtain racemic N-hydroxy amino acid esters. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis and investigation of amavadin-based vanadium complexes. With the meso-ligand of amavadin, the synthesis and X-ray crystallographic study of 'meso-amavadin' was performed. Next, a model was developed that could be used to predict the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of amavadin analogues. It was furthermore shown that increasing the size of the backbone substituents gave vanadium(IV) non-oxo complexes analogous to amavadin. In contrast, protection or complete lack of one carboxylate per ligand did not give stable vanadium(IV) non-oxo compounds. Chapter 5 discusses the physical and chemical properties of amavadin: hydration/dehydration, solubility, the observed autoreduction of oxidized amavadin in water and the reactivity of amavadin with peroxides. Chapter 6 describes applications of amavadin as an oxidation catalyst. In water, activity was observed for alcohol oxidations and sulfoxidations. Better results were obtained in non-aqueous and aprotic environments (epoxidation of cinnamyl alcohol and oxidation of benzyl alcohol). Chapter 7 is concerned with vanadium catalysts for cyanide additions to aldehydes. Firstly, the tert-butyl groups of the vanadium-salen system were substituted for tert-amyl groups. Secondly, amavadin was tested in cyanide additions.Applied Science
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