1,723,286 research outputs found
A review of densified solid biomass for energy production
No full textGrowing concerns over the environmental impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, uncertainty of future fossil fuel prices, geopolitical instability, and consumer preferences are a few factors driving the development and use of biomass as a source of renewable energy. Government mandates and policy frameworks have further built consensus for effective utilization of sustainable resources for energy. As a result, biomass derived densified solid biofuels have experienced a phenomenal growth in the last decade and are expected to grow by 56% during the three decades from 2010 to 2040. Solid biomass represents the largest share of biomass used for heat and electricity generation. Biomass sources range from agricultural, municipal, and commercial wastes, to forest-litter, and energy crops. Because of the varied nature of these sources, harvesting practices and the cost of transportation, several methods have been developed to densify the biomass. The long-term viability and growth of biobased energy products hinges on the technical innovation and wider societal acceptance of these products. This paper reviews multiple biomass feedstock, processing characteristics, product properties, transportation, and storage options. The paper also discusses the economics of densifying biomass, the impacts to regions where biomass utilization is implemented, outstanding challenges, and national and global trends in biomass utilization. © 2018 Elsevier Lt
An insight to India’s biomass production and biowaste management: Scope and challenges
No full textBeing a developing nation and having an agriculture based economy, India has a promising biomass resource. There is a huge scope for establishing bio based economy in India due to the availability of wide varieties and large quantities of biomass. In the current Pan India survey, to assess the availability of different types of biomass, was carried out. A survey was also conducted on the projects and programs financed on the biomass production and conversion through different processes. On the basis of this survey, two separate inventories (Biomass and Projects and programs), were prepared. From the preparation of the biomass inventory, it was found that to a certain extent only agricultural biomass production data is available which includes the major biomass sources from Sugar crops (117.42 MMT) (Million Metric Tons) followed by Oil crops (97.3 MMT) and Starch crops (29.74 MMT). Among biowaste, recorded data on only biodegradable fraction of the waste could be found which was estimated to be 25.547 MTPY (Million Tons per Year). The total budget allotted towards these projects was INR 2213 million (approximately 350 Euros). The present study portrays the availability of the enormous source of varied biomass and its roadmap towards better utilization through collaboration with other countries that might help proper use of all the available biomass resources and establishing the biobased economy in India. © 2016 ETA-Florence Renewable Energies
Comparative analyses of current biobased economy policies and strategic india-EU partnership
No full textBoth India and Europe still depend heavily on fossil fuels and both face the controversial challenging tradeoff between the food supply on the one side, and biomass production on the other. The present studies show that both regions share a similar idealistic view when it comes to sustainability - both striving towards a low-carbon economy with emphasis on '‘green’' energy. The government policy on bioenergy and bio-based products plays an important role in the development and transition towards a bio-based economy in both the regions. The significance of the cooperation will be influenced by policies affecting multiple sectors such as agriculture, resources, research, industry and trade. The study will help in identifying relevant policies and quantifying their specific impacts on market including its effects on bilateral sustainability relationship. © 2017, ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. All rights reserved
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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