1,370,225 research outputs found
Student Poster - RP2005 Ehsan Sharifi
No full textStudent Poster - Participants Annual Forum 2014, Ehsan Sharifi - Size A
Identify Factors Affecting the Increase of Users of the Libraries of Astan Quds Razavi Based on the Marketing Mix 4C
No full textObjective: The aim of this research was to identify factors influencing the increase of users at the libraries of Astan Quds Razavi based on customer-focused marketing model "4 C's" from the point of view of librarians.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-survey. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 163 librarians out of 243 employees. And given the small size of population, sampling was conducted and questionnaires were distributed among the population. The questionnaire consisted of 40 closed questions in four sections. The research population included all of library managers and librarians working in the library. According to the non-normality of the data, to test the hypotheses, regression and chi-square test for the relationship between variables and Spearman correlation coefficient was used.
Results: The results showed that elements in the marketing mix 4 C's are effective to attract users to the libraries of Astan Quds Razavi. Its components, that is, convenience and cost, respectively, were considered to have a major role in attracting users to the libraries of Astan Quds Razavi.
Conclusion: Customer/consumer value has no effect on attracting users. The results also showed the elements of the marketing mix 4 C's can be helpful to attract users to the libraries of Astan Quds Razavi
Development of an appropriate resource information system to support agricultural management at farm enterprise level : a prototype design for a decision support system in Moghan Agro-industrial Complex, Iran
No full textThis thesis describes development of and experimentation with a prototype of an appropriate resource information system that improves decision making processes in farm management The system includes a geographic information system with a powerful process model that forms a decision support system for land use planning, monitoring and evaluation at farm enterprise level. The land use planning sub-system uses a new concept and supports planning at tactical and operational levels. It consists of a crop growth simulation model that accurately estimates the productivity of each feasible land use, a linear programming model that integrates the physical and socioeconomic information and designs the best suitable plan that maximizes the profit of the system under a given set of constraints (tactical plan), ad a spatial decision model that translates the tactical plan into an actual operational plan. The system illustrates the importance of process models in the integration of information from various disciplines and sources into management decisions, and the application of geographic information systems in support of multiple objective decision problems
Self-report measures: an overview of concerns and limitations of questionnaire use in occupational stress research
No full textAs is the case with many domains of organisational behaviour, occupational stress research has for many years been characterised by the use of self-report methodologies, in particular the written questionnaire, as the primary means of data collection. Reliance on self-report for the measurement of both dependent and independent variables raises concern about the validity of causal conclusions for a range of reasons, including systematic response distortions, method variance and monomethod bias, and the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of questionnaire scales. Beyond the immediate features of questionnaires, there is also concern about the context in which self-report measures are used, in terms of the design of studies, as well as the statistical treatment of questionnaire data at the analysis stage. Each of these themes is addressed from the perspective of the occupational stress literature, with a view to highlighting key areas for consideration in relation to planning and interpreting research. It is also suggested that most of these issues have wider relevance in the field of organisational behaviour, namely in those domains which focus on perceptual and attitudinal variables, which could benefit from similar methodological attention
River flow regime alteration : causes and effects in different climate systems
No full textAbstract
This thesis investigates the causes and effects of river flow alteration across different climate systems. It examines case studies from arid and semi-arid regions (Zayandeh-Rud River basin and Iran’s central plateau), humid regions (southern Caspian Sea (SCS)), and cold regions (Torniojoki River basin in Finland). The research develops a framework to quantify the impact of anthropogenic (AD) and climatic (CD) drivers on river flow and assesses their consequences. This thesis includes five peer-reviewed publications, and one submitted manuscript. The findings reveal that CD has reduced inflows to the Zayandeh-Rud Dam, while AD is the primary cause of inflow reduction and water body shrinkage in Iran’s central plateau. In the humid SCS region, AD has caused a decline in inflows to the Caspian Sea. In contrast, the cold Torniojoki River basin has experienced increased flow due to CD. This research highlights the urgent need to address hydrological alterations worldwide. Developing effective strategies is essential to mitigate the impacts of human activities and climate change on river systems. Future efforts should prioritize improving climate adaptation strategies, leveraging advanced remote sensing and data analytics for real-time hydrological monitoring, and investing in ecosystem-based solutions to restore natural processes and enhance resilience to extreme weather events. Original papers Sharifi, A., Mirabbasi, R., Ali Nasr-Esfahani, M., Torabi Haghighi, A., & Fatahi Nafchi, R. (2021). Quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic changes and climate variability on runoff changes in central plateau of Iran using nine methods. Journal of Hydrology, 603, 127045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127045 Self-archived version Sharifi, A., Baubekova, A., Patro, E. R., Klöve, B., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). The combined effects of anthropogenic and climate change on river flow alterations in the Southern Caspian Sea Iran. Heliyon, 10(11), e31960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31960 Self-archived version Torabi Haghighi, A., Sharifi, A., Darabi, H., Mazaheri, M., Mohammadpour, R., Gohari, A., Noury, M., Hekmatzadeh, A. A., Panchanathan, A., Hashemi, H., Xenarios, S., & Klöve, B. (2024). When rain does not run, a fingerprint of uncoordinated water resources development. Journal of Hydrology, 629, 130626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130626 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130626 Self-archived version Sharifi, A., Khodaei, B., Ahrari, A., Hashemi, H., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). Can river flow prevent land subsidence in urban areas? Science of The Total Environment, 917, 170557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170557 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170557 Self-archived version Ahrari, A., Sharifi, A., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). Anthropogenic vs. climatic drivers: Dissecting Lake desiccation on the Iranian plateau. Journal of Environmental Management, 368, 122103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122103 Self-archived version Sharifi. A., Nakigudde C., Moradian. S., Mirabbasi. R., Meilutytė-Lukauskienė. D., & Torabi Haghighi. A. (2025) The impact of climate change on the pattern of meteorological variables and river flow in the Nordic region (Torniojoki River Basin). Manuscript in preparation Tiivistelmä
Tämä väitöskirja tutkii jokivirtaaman muutosten syitä ja vaikutuksia eri ilmastojärjestelmissä. Se tarkastelee tapaustutkimuksia kuivilla ja puolikuivilla alueilla (Zayandeh-Rudin valuma-alue ja Iranin keskinen tasanko), kosteilla alueilla (eteläinen Kaspianmeri (SCS)) ja kylmillä alueilla (Tornionjoen valuma-alue Suomessa). Tutkimus kehittää viitekehyksen ihmislähtöisten tekijöiden (AD) ja ilmastollisten tekijöiden (CD) vaikutusten määrälliseen arviointiin jokivirtaamaan sekä niiden seurausten analysointiin. Tämä väitöskirja sisältää viisi vertaisarvioitua julkaisua ja yhden vertaisarviointiin lähetetyn käsikirjoituksen. Tulokset osoittavat, että CD:t ovat vähentäneet virtaamia Zayandeh-Rudin patoon, kun taas AD:t ovat pääasiallinen syy virtaaman vähenemiseen ja vesistöjen kutistumiseen Iranin keskisellä tasangolla. Kostealla SCS-alueella AD:t ovat johtaneet Kaspianmereen laskevien virtaamien vähenemiseen. Sen sijaan kylmän ilmaston Tornionjoen valuma-alueella CD:t ovat lisänneet virtaamia. Tämä tutkimus korostaa tarvetta puuttua hydrologisiin muutoksiin maailmanlaajuisesti. Tehokkaat strategiat ovat välttämättömiä ihmistoiminnan ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutusten lieventämiseksi jokiekosysteemeissä. Tulevaisuudessa tulisi asettaa etusijalle ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumiseen liittyvien strategioiden parantaminen, hyödyntämällä kehittynyttä kaukokartoitusta ja data analytiikkaa reaaliaikaiseen hydrologiseen seurantaan sekä investoiminen ekosysteemipohjaisiin ratkaisuihin luonnollisten prosessien palauttamiseksi ja sään ääri-ilmiöihin sopeutumiskyvyn parantamiseksi. Osajulkaisut Sharifi, A., Mirabbasi, R., Ali Nasr-Esfahani, M., Torabi Haghighi, A., & Fatahi Nafchi, R. (2021). Quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic changes and climate variability on runoff changes in central plateau of Iran using nine methods. Journal of Hydrology, 603, 127045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127045 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Sharifi, A., Baubekova, A., Patro, E. R., Klöve, B., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). The combined effects of anthropogenic and climate change on river flow alterations in the Southern Caspian Sea Iran. Heliyon, 10(11), e31960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31960 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Torabi Haghighi, A., Sharifi, A., Darabi, H., Mazaheri, M., Mohammadpour, R., Gohari, A., Noury, M., Hekmatzadeh, A. A., Panchanathan, A., Hashemi, H., Xenarios, S., & Klöve, B. (2024). When rain does not run, a fingerprint of uncoordinated water resources development. Journal of Hydrology, 629, 130626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130626 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130626 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Sharifi, A., Khodaei, B., Ahrari, A., Hashemi, H., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). Can river flow prevent land subsidence in urban areas? Science of The Total Environment, 917, 170557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170557 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170557 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Ahrari, A., Sharifi, A., & Torabi Haghighi, A. (2024). Anthropogenic vs. climatic drivers: Dissecting Lake desiccation on the Iranian plateau. Journal of Environmental Management, 368, 122103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122103 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Sharifi. A., Nakigudde C., Moradian. S., Mirabbasi. R., Meilutytė-Lukauskienė. D., & Torabi Haghighi. A. (2025) The impact of climate change on the pattern of meteorological variables and river flow in the Nordic region (Torniojoki River Basin). Manuscript in preparation Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Lapinsali (L3), Linnanmaa, on 30 October 2025, at 12 noonAbstract
This thesis investigates the causes and effects of river flow alteration across different climate systems. It examines case studies from arid and semi-arid regions (Zayandeh-Rud River basin and Iran’s central plateau), humid regions (southern Caspian Sea (SCS)), and cold regions (Torniojoki River basin in Finland). The research develops a framework to quantify the impact of anthropogenic (AD) and climatic (CD) drivers on river flow and assesses their consequences. This thesis includes five peer-reviewed publications, and one submitted manuscript. The findings reveal that CD has reduced inflows to the Zayandeh-Rud Dam, while AD is the primary cause of inflow reduction and water body shrinkage in Iran’s central plateau. In the humid SCS region, AD has caused a decline in inflows to the Caspian Sea. In contrast, the cold Torniojoki River basin has experienced increased flow due to CD. This research highlights the urgent need to address hydrological alterations worldwide. Developing effective strategies is essential to mitigate the impacts of human activities and climate change on river systems. Future efforts should prioritize improving climate adaptation strategies, leveraging advanced remote sensing and data analytics for real-time hydrological monitoring, and investing in ecosystem-based solutions to restore natural processes and enhance resilience to extreme weather events.Tiivistelmä
Tämä väitöskirja tutkii jokivirtaaman muutosten syitä ja vaikutuksia eri ilmastojärjestelmissä. Se tarkastelee tapaustutkimuksia kuivilla ja puolikuivilla alueilla (Zayandeh-Rudin valuma-alue ja Iranin keskinen tasanko), kosteilla alueilla (eteläinen Kaspianmeri (SCS)) ja kylmillä alueilla (Tornionjoen valuma-alue Suomessa). Tutkimus kehittää viitekehyksen ihmislähtöisten tekijöiden (AD) ja ilmastollisten tekijöiden (CD) vaikutusten määrälliseen arviointiin jokivirtaamaan sekä niiden seurausten analysointiin. Tämä väitöskirja sisältää viisi vertaisarvioitua julkaisua ja yhden vertaisarviointiin lähetetyn käsikirjoituksen. Tulokset osoittavat, että CD:t ovat vähentäneet virtaamia Zayandeh-Rudin patoon, kun taas AD:t ovat pääasiallinen syy virtaaman vähenemiseen ja vesistöjen kutistumiseen Iranin keskisellä tasangolla. Kostealla SCS-alueella AD:t ovat johtaneet Kaspianmereen laskevien virtaamien vähenemiseen. Sen sijaan kylmän ilmaston Tornionjoen valuma-alueella CD:t ovat lisänneet virtaamia. Tämä tutkimus korostaa tarvetta puuttua hydrologisiin muutoksiin maailmanlaajuisesti. Tehokkaat strategiat ovat välttämättömiä ihmistoiminnan ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutusten lieventämiseksi jokiekosysteemeissä. Tulevaisuudessa tulisi asettaa etusijalle ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumiseen liittyvien strategioiden parantaminen, hyödyntämällä kehittynyttä kaukokartoitusta ja data analytiikkaa reaaliaikaiseen hydrologiseen seurantaan sekä investoiminen ekosysteemipohjaisiin ratkaisuihin luonnollisten prosessien palauttamiseksi ja sään ääri-ilmiöihin sopeutumiskyvyn parantamiseksi
Liphanthus abotorabi Sharifi & Graham & Packer 2019, sp. nov.
No full textLiphanthus abotorabi Mir Sharifi and Packer, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7999B3A8-3F99-4F30-9A6E-77989E91DC71 Figs. 62–67, 157. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be differentiated from others of the genus except L. amblayensis by the combination of two submarginal cells, pronotal lobe black (Fig. 62), metatibial spurs straight, S7 hairless (Fig 65). Males can be differentiated from those of L. amblayensis by the extensively brown marked clypeus (Figs. 63–64) and somewhat distinct gonostylus the junction of which with the gonocoxa is distinctly narrowed (Fig. 67). In L. amblayensis the clypeus is narrowly brown basally (Fig 91) and the gonostylus poorly differentiated from the gonocoxa (Fig. 94). Description: Holotype Male: Dimensions: approximate body length: 4.63mm; head width: 1.50mm, wing length: 3.2mm, intertegular width: 0.79mm. Coloration: Black to dark brown with following parts yellow: mandible (except apex red), apical ~1/2 of clypeus (rest of clypeus brown). Ventral surface of flagellum dark red-brown. Tegula and apical impressed areas of metasomal terga translucent dark orange-brown. All tibiae brown with small yellow-brown apicodorsal mark. All basitarsi brown with apical orange-brown mark. Remaining tarsomeres dark orange-brown. Sculpture: Face below antennae moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny except clypeus apically lacking imbrication, shiny; rest of face weakly imbricate but somewhat dull due to dense, almost crowded punctation. clypeus impunctate except yellow portion irregularly punctate, i=0.5–4d; lower paraocular area punctures irregular in size and spacing, i=0.5–3d; subantennal sclerite with few punctures in lower half, i~d; supraclypeal area with minute punctures in lower half, i=1–4d; upper paraocular and frontal areas densely and deeply punctate, id close to compound eye, sparse elsewhere i>3d. Mesoscutum weakly imbricate but dull due to dense, almost crowded, punctures; scutellum weakly imbricate, somewhat shiny, punctures larger and sparser, i≤d; metanotum more coarsely imbricate, somewhat dull, punctures shallow, dense, i2d; metapleuron impunctate; propodeum impunctate except dorsolateral area densely but shallowly punctate, i1.5d. Pubescence: Generally white, sparse and with short branches; longest on apical margin of clypeus apicomedially and scutellum posteriorly~2.5 MOD, ~2 MOD on clypeus apicolaterally; ≤2 MOD on scape, vertexal area and pronotum, ~1.5 MOD on lower paraocular area and dorsolateral area of propodeum. Dense, and more branched ~ 1 MOD on pronotum and dorso- and posterolaterally on propodeum; somewhat plumose, short ≤ 0.3 MOD along admedian line and laterally on dorsal surface of metapostnotum. Metasoma with minute sparse hairs except long on anterior declivitous surface and towards sides of T1, and at junction of disc and apical impressed area of T4–T6, longest on T6 ~ 1.5 MOD. Sterna with minute hairs except S5 with subapical fringe of posteromedially oriented pale brown hairs 2 X as long as greatest width (30:13), longer than pedicel and F1 combined (25); pedicel length and width equal (11:11), F1 longer than wide (14:11); F2 shorter than wide (9:11), remaining flagellomeres wider than long except F11 ~1.6 X as long as width (19:12). Mesosoma: Mesoscutum ~ 1.2 X as wide as long (73:60); length of scutellum: metanotum: metapostnotum: 25:17:13. Marginal cell ~ 0.8X as long as distance between its apex to wing tip (67:81). Metatibial spurs straight, posterior spur slightly longer than anterior. Pro- and mesotarsal claws narrowly cleft, anterior metatarsal claw lacking tooth, posterior claw tooth broadly triangular, thin. Metasoma: Broadest at midlength of T2; metasomal terga not strongly reflexed at sides; pygidial plate absent; S1–S5 unmodified, S6 with small acutely angulate apicomedial concavity, area anterior to concavity translucent, cavity and translucent area delimiting punctate lateral areas, i=1–2d, bearing apicomedially oriented hairs. S7. Barely any more than two long, broad apodemes briefly joined near posterior margin; apical lobes seemingly restricted to narrow posterior margin to apodemes, lacking hairs. S8 Anterior margin transverse, lateral margins diverging anteriorly; lateral lobe broadly rounded, continuous with sides of apical lobe; apical lobe gradually narrowing to subtruncate apex, lateral margins almost straight converging posteriorly, short hairs posteriorly and on dorsal surface. Gonocoxa anterodorsal margin moderately convex, lateral margin straight for most of length, concave towards apex, medial margin almost straight; gonostylus fused to gonocoxa, length and width subequal, apex obliquely truncate, patch of long posteriorly oriented hairs at apex, longest medially; penis valve narrow, narrowing towards apex, with posterolaterally oriented hairs. Endophallus not elaborated. Material studied. Two males: Holotype: BOLIVIA, Cochabamba: Ioari, 3400 m, 7.ii.1946. L. E. Pena. Paratype male: BOLIVIA, Chuquisaca, Salancachi, S. of Sucre, 2600 m, 22–23.ii.1976, L. E. Pena. Both specimens are at the AMNH. Etymology. This species is named in honour of the senior author’s grandfather, Abotorab Mir Sharifi, in recognition of his kindness and humility. Variation. The paratype has more extensive brown on the clypeus than does the holotype with the darker colour attaining the apex of the flat portion of the clypeus medially where only the recurved apex is yellow, the brown coloration is less extensive laterally and the margin between yellow and brown forms a U-shape. In the holotype, approximately the basal half of the clypeus is brown and the margin between brown and yellow portions is irregular. Comments. Using Ruz and Toro’s (1983) key, this species fails at couplet 10 which contrasts different forms of process on S2: L. abotorabi lacks such a process. This is one of a group of species in which the males in particular have a densely punctate upper face and very long robust hairs towards the apex of the dorsal surface of the metatibia. Both sexes have dark legs and pronotal lobe. The group also includes the following three species all of which are from East of the Andean peaks. Neither of the type localities could be located in various online searches. However, the two departments (Cochabamba and Chuquisaca) are adjacent.Published as part of Sharifi, Negar Mir, Graham, Liam & Packer, Laurence, 2019, Fifteen new species of Liphanthus Reed (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) with two submarginal cells, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 4645 (1) on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4645.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/334544
Hypoaspis alborzensis Razavi Susan & Joharchi 2014
No full text135. Hypoaspis alborzensis Razavi Susan & Joharchi, 2014: 52 in Razavi Susan et al. (2014). Holotype female (ARS-20130311-1a), IRAN, KARAJ, Coll. Nastaran Razavi Susan. AVAILABLE. Note. In the original description, it was stated that one paratype is also deposited in the JAZM.Published as part of Saboori, Alireza & Shirvani, Zeinab, 2021, A checklist of Acari type specimens deposited in the Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, Karaj, Iran, pp. 289-311 in Zootaxa 4949 (2) on page 302, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/463640
Uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue behaviour of wire arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 low carbon steel components
No full textWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), also known as directed energy deposition (DED) process, is an efficient additive manufacturing technology, offers high potential to rapidly fabricate large-scale parts with complex geometries layer-by-layer. However, the fundamental understanding of the fatigue behaviour of such parts and the material requirements need to be significantly improved at all levels before this unique technology can be implemented for critical applications. This work aims to investigate the fatigue behaviour of WAAM built ER70S-6 steel under uniaxial, torsion and multiaxial loading conditions. Specimens were extracted in two different orientations: vertical and horizontal, to explore if the orientation direction has any effect on the fatigue results. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to examine the fracture surface of broken specimens and identify crack initiation regions and fracture mechanisms. The obtained results were compared with the fatigue data available in the literature on common structural steels fabricated using conventional welding and WAAM technique, showing similar fatigue behaviour with wrought S355 specimens. Moreover, the uniaxial data set on ER70S-6 WAAM specimens was evaluated according to the DNV RP-C203 standard for continuous welds, demonstrating advantageous fatigue resistance in the examined material. © 2022 The Author(s
Fatigue crack growth behaviour of wire and arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 low carbon steel components
No full textThe new emerging Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology has significant potential to improve material design and efficiency for structural components as well as reducing manufacturing costs. Due to repeated and periodic melting, solidification and reheating of the layers, the WAAM deposition technique results in some elastic, plastic and viscous deformations that can affect material degradation and crack propagation behaviour in additively manufactured components. Therefore, it is crucial to characterise the cracking behaviour in WAAM built components for structural design and integrity assessment purposes. In this work, fatigue crack growth tests have been conducted on compact tension specimens extracted from ER70S-6 steel WAAM built components. The crack propagation behaviour of the specimens extracted with different orientations (i.e. horizontal and vertical with respect to the deposition direction) has been characterised under two different cyclic load levels. The obtained fatigue crack growth rate data have been correlated with the linear elastic fracture mechanics parameter ΔK and the results are compared with the literature data available for corresponding wrought structural steels and the recommended fatigue crack growth trends in the BS7910 standard. The obtained results have been found to fall below the recommended trends in the BS7910 standard and above the data points obtained from S355 wrought material. The obtained fatigue growth trends and Paris law constants from this study contribute to the overall understanding of the design requirements for the new optimised functionally graded structures fabricated using the WAAM technique. © 2021, The Author(s)
Toward predicting tensile strength of pharmaceutical tablets by ultrasound measurement in continuous manufacturing
No full textAn ultrasound measurement system was employed as a non-destructive method to evaluate its reliability in predicting the tensile strength of tablets and investigate the benefits of incorporating it in a continuous line, manufacturing solid dosage forms. Tablets containing lactose, acetaminophen, and magnesium stearate were manufactured continuously and in batches. The effect of two processing parameters, compaction force and level of shear strain were examined. Young's modulus and tensile strength of tablets were obtained by ultrasound and diametrical mechanical testing, respectively. It was found that as the blend was exposed to increasing levels of shear strain, the speed of sound in the tablets decreased and the tablets became both softer and mechanically weaker. Moreover, the results indicate that two separate tablet material properties (e.g., relative density and Young's modulus) are necessary in order to predict tensile strength. A strategy for hardness prediction is proposed that uses the existing models for Young's modulus and tensile strength of porous materials. Ultrasound testing was found to be very sensitive in differentiating tablets with similar formulation but produced under different processing conditions (e.g., different level of shear strain), thus, providing a fast, and non-destructive method for hardness prediction that could be incorporated to a continuous manufacturing process.Peer reviewe
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