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Середовище творців та споживачів господарських знань Вільного економічного товариства на українських теренах (остання третина ХVIII — початок ХІХ ст.)
Get PDFThe Free Economic Society, created under Catherine II, was fully in line with the enlightenment intentions of the Empress and her desire to encourage landowners to arrange their estates based on knowledge. One of the factors of its establishment was the need to accelerate the colonization of the Ukrainian southern territories, where land was received by officials and officers without economic skills. The society was to promote the foreign experience and the experience of those landowners who had achieved certain successes in growing high yields, organizing work, using machines and tillage, and building outbuildings. At the same time, it sought to study local specifics by describing and accumulating information about the demographic situation and economic potential of all territories of the Russian Empire. How did the landowners of the Ukrainian lands react to the attempts of the VET to involve them in their own activities and did its recommendations for the introduction of new agricultural technologies, which were discussed in the company’s publications, become authoritative? The author’s observations of the initial period of his activity allowed us to draw the following conclusions. In order to attract enlightened businessmen to participate in the society, the supreme power mobilized the local administration, which in turn mobilized the nobility. However, landowners were in no hurry to share their own achievements, and the company’s printed works did not become widespread and respectively did not take advantage of VET recommendations. There were insignificant successes in the natural-economic and demographic description of the provinces. The most complete were the descriptions of the Sloboda-Ukrainian province, the rest either did not take part in this project at all, or were brief.Вільне економічне товариство (ВЕТ), створене за Катерини ІІ, цілком відповідало просвітницьким намірам імператриці. Поштовхами до його заснування стала патерналістська потреба стимулювати поміщиків, аби ті облаштовували маєтки із врахуванням прогресу в аґрарній справі, а також необхідність пришвидшити колонізацію південних територій, де землю отримували чиновники й офіцери без господарських навичок. Товариство пропаґувало досвід іноземців і тих поміщиків, які досягнули успіхів у вирощуванні високих врожаїв, організації праці, застосуванні машин для обробітку ґрунтів, зведенні господарських споруд. Разом з тим воно прагнуло до освоєння місцевої специфіки через накопичення знань про демографічну ситуацію та господарський потенціал тих чи тих територій.Метою статті є з’ясувати ставлення місцевих поміщиків до ініціативи ВЕТ щодо їхнього залучення до власної діяльності та аналіз мотивів, які сприяли підтримці Товариства, зокрема запровадження нових технологій землеробства. Аби залучити до участі у Товаристві активних господарників, верховна влада мобілізувала місцеву адміністрацію, а та — дворянських станових посадовців. Однак далеко не всі поспішали ділитися власними здобутками, а друковані праці Товариства не набули масового поширення, отож рекомендаціями ВЕТ мало хто скористався попри те, що певна частина поміщиків надавала Товариству підтримку, пробувала використати його рекомендації та ділилася спостереженнями і здобутками.Незначними були успіхи і в описах місцевого природно-економічного та демографічного становища, що мали би посприяли продуктивності господарювання. Найповнішими стали описи Слобідсько-Української губернії, решта губерній або не долучилася до проекту, або обмежилась короткими відписками
Noble guardianship as an estate institution and its social practices in Ukraine (second half of XIX – beginning of XX century)
No full textThe article deals with the noble guardianship, an estate institution founded by Catherine II, which successfully existed until 1917. The purpose is to describe its main functions and find out how the modernization measures of the state influenced its activities in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The research methodology is based on the general principles of scientificity and historicism using the methods of social history.
The supreme power endowed the noble guardianship with elements of class self-government, including the elective principle of the formation of the cadre, control over the reporting of its activities, as well as the decision-making by the county noble corporation and its participation in the introduction of guardianship or termination of its operation and the maintenance of the institution at its own expense. At the same time, guardianship became a flexible means of state control over the position of the property of the privileged class. The state strived to ensure that estates with the loss or illness of the owner remained in the family and under the control of the guardianship and the noble corporation, supporting its members, providing funds for the upbringing and education of young nobles, potential military men and officials. It activated the nobility meetings in order to discipline the owners of the estate not to waste it, not to squander, as well as to stop the cruelty of the landlords to exploit the peasantry, because it continued to remain the main taxpayer and source of supply of soldiers for the army.
In the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries guardianship intensified, which is explained by attempts to use them to preserve property during the transition of society to market relations. Losing its dominant position, the nobility used its opportunities for self-preservation, to protect their property, and the state – to reduce the class identity and to collect funds from indebted owners, regulating the repayment of loans
All-Russian Congresses of the United Nobility and the Participation of Commissioners from the Chernihivshchyna (Chernihiv Region)
No full textThere are talking about the Chernihiv Provincial Noble Assembly and its participation through the commissioners in the congresses of the All-Russian United Nobility. The purpose of the article is to find out the number of participants in each of the 12 congresses in 1906-1916 years, to clarify their position in the discussion and decision-making on cardinal issues of political life of the state. It was noticed in which of them the Chernihiv nobles did not share the positions of the permanent council of the united nobility and there were clarified the reasons of it. The research methodology is based on the general scientific principles of historicism using the methods of social history. It has been established that 22 people took part in the work of the All-Russian Congresses of the United Nobility. There were the groups of aristocrats, landowners and landless nobles among them. All of them were local public persons, headed zemstvo institutions, actively introducing self-government at the county and provincial levels. Six of them were deputies of the State Duma and two were members of the State Council. The rest were in public service in local governments, with the exception of Olexander Rachinsky, who in 1915-1917 held the position of deputy Minister of Education. They supported the leading idea of the congresses: the preservation of autocracy, demonstrated the loyalty and devotion of the Romanov dynasty as a guarantee of their own stability and the traditional form of government. Since in the discussion of reforms by the government P.A. Stolypin initiative was seized by senior dignitaries from government circles and authorized by the nobles of the central Russian provinces, while Chernihiv took an apolitical, expectant position and did not show much activity. Instead, they initiated amendments to the statute of the united nobility, which, in their opinion, should have defended the interests of the provincial nobility, and less - to take into account party disputes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Kyiv’s Intellectual Environment on the Eve of the Valuev Directive
Get PDFThe article discusses the conditions which galvanized the intellectual community in Kyiv prior to the 1863 January Uprising (aka Polish Insurrection of 1863-64). It analyzes local press coverage of the language debate, and delves into the worldviews of its participants, including Mykhailo Maksymovych, Mykhailo Iuzefovych, Mykola Kostomarov, Ksenofont Hovors'kyi, and others. It identifies how and why the results of this debate influenced the issuance of the 1863 Valuev Directive, which banned the use of the Ukrainian language in print
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