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shamel
No full textshamel94 pounds of pudding out in the shamel." -"(That's what the old people say for 'slaughterhouse'.)DNE-cit G.M. Story JUL 1973JH JUL 1973Not usedNot usedWithdraw
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Myotis flavus Shamel 1944
No full textMyotis flavus Shamel 1944 Myotis flavus Shamel 1944; type specimen, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) 239908; adult ♀, remainder in fluid, skull removed. The type specimen was collected under a grove of trees with large leaves and lilac-like flowers in Jul 1923 at Enri in Formosus.The bat hanged head downwards from the stem of a leaf. Its colour was light yellow, the wing being variegated with orange and brown (Shamel 1944). New materials. JX- 07X- 20, adult, male, collected at Shiyan cave (114 ° 12 ΄E, 26 ° 36 ΄N; 1058 m) in Liping village of Jinggangshan Natural Reserve of Jiangxi Province in mainland China by TingLei Jiang and KePing Sun in September 2006. Fur specimen (No. JX- 07X- 20) was deposited at Northeast Normal University, China. Description and taxonomic notes. For Myotis species from mainland China, this is a medium to large size Myotis with a forearm length of 48.5 mm (Table 3)(52.5 mm in Shamel 1944), which is within the range (45 – 55 mm) given by Lin et al. (2005). The bases of the dorsal and ventral pelage are grayish white with their tips golden yellow and pale yellow, respectively (Fig. 2 a). Light brown bands exist around the digits of the wings. There are no black edges on the upper margin of the auricles, around the nostrils, thumbs, toes and the end of the tail (Fig. 2 a and Fig. 2 b). This clearly differs from M. rufoniger (Bates & Harrison 1997), M. watasei (Lin et al., 2005) and M. tsuensis (Yoshiyuki 1989). The tragus is narrow and tapering towards a bluntly-pointed tip. The nose and chin are bare of long hairs for a distance of about 5 mm from tip, but the remainder of the face is well haired (Fig. 2 b), which corresponds to those specimens described in Shamel (1944). Metacarpals are considerably shorter than the forearm, and the third, fourth, fifth metacarpals were 91.2 %, 88.6 % and 90 % of forearm length, respectively (Table 3). The wings are attached to the base of the phalanx of the outer metatarsal of each foot. Tail vertebrae extend 2.5 mm beyond the interfemoral membrane. The greatest antero-posterior length of the skull is 18.3 mm (Table 3)(19.5 mm in Shamel, 1944). The skull has the forehead region strongly concave (Fig. 3 c). The sagittal crest is well defined anteriorly but the lambdoid crest is inconspicuous (Fig. 3 a). The joint between the supraoccipital and foramen magnum is round and protruding downwards. The supraoccipital is slightly orbicular and plump (Fig. 3 c). The upper incisors become gradually larger from the inner to the outer teeth, and the canine is well developed (Fig. 3 b). The upper middle premolar (P 3) site is completely within the upper tooth row, whereas in M. rufoniger and M. watasei, P 3 is usually only partially within the tooth row of the upper jaw (Shamel, 1944). The upper anterior premolar (P 2) and the upper posterior premolar (P 4) are not in contact with each other; P 3 is not visible when the tooth row is viewed externally, but is visible from a buccal view, which is same included in Shamel (1944). P 3 extends its tip barely above the level of the cingulum on P 2 (Fig. 3 c). The anterior and middle upper molars have distinct W- shaped ridges, and the posterior upper molar is half reduced (Fig. 3 b). The crowns of the second and third lower incisors divide into four leaflets. The first lower incisor is prolate, and the incisors are aligned forming a convex arch (Fig. 3 d). P 3 is set inward, but visible from the outside of the tooth row, and the cusp is more slender and pointed than in P 2 and about half its height (Fig. 3 c). The baculum of the sample JX- 07X- 20 is generally Y-shaped, but slightly (Fig. 4 a). Proximal and distal ends concave at its central portion, and its ventral surface is not deeply fluted. Total length is 0.975 mm and maximum basal width is 0.575 mm. However, the baculum of M. formosu s from Jilin province clearly differs from that of the sample JX- 07X- 20 in having a concavity only in its proximal end and showing a deeply fluted ventral surface (Fig. 4 b). In addition, the size of the baculum of M. formosu s (total length 0.8 mm, maximum basal width 0.575 mm.) is slightly smaller than that of JX- 07X- 20. Definitions follow those given in Bates and Harrison(1997). Echolocation. The echolocation calls of individual JX- 07X- 20 are short, broadband frequency modulated signals with a dominant fundamental harmonic. The mean value for the frequency containing the maximum energy is 43.91 kHz, with a range of 41.0 – 46.2 kHz (n = 22). Discussion. When describing M. flavus, Shamel (1944) indicated that from M. rufoniger and M. watasei in body size and dental characteristics. Chou (2004) also distinguished M. flavus from M. watasei. In the present study, M. flavus is found to be different from M. formosus in coloration, skull and dental characteristics. In addition, differences in baculum morphology indicate a potential for the occurrence of reproductive isolation between M. flavus and M. formosus (Wu et al., 2008). Relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing techniques have given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species (Bickford, et al., 2007). We took advantage of this by analyzing the mtDNA cytb gene, which showed that our specimen JX- 07X- 20 differed by 0.61 % from M. flavus from Taiwan (Table 2) which most likely corresponds to a divergence of intraspecific level. This genetical similarity supported the result of our morphological identification of this specimen. In contrast, it was surprising to see that the divergence values between M. flavus and other M. formosus specimens were so much larger (15.53–16.67 %) and even higher than the other interspecific divergences (Table 2). Genetic distances over 5 % at cytb are generally considered to indicate the existence of cryptic taxonomic diversity, and values exceeding 10 % in bats are indicative of species-level divergence (Baker & Bradley 2006). Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis shows that M. formosus and M. flavus are not sister taxa (Fig. 1). Hence, we consider M. flavus to be a distinct species and different from M. formosus. In addition, the phylogenetic grouping of and sequence similarity between M. watasei and M. formosus from mainland China strongly suggests that M. watasei is synonymous with M. formosus. Distribution and ecological notes. So far, M. flavus is only known from Taiwan (Lin et al., 2005; Shamel 1944). The present report gives the first confirmed account of this species from mainland China. Our specimen JX- 07X- 20 was captured at Shiyan cave in Liping village of Jinggangshan Natural Reserve of Jiangxi Province in China where the average temperature and mean rainfall are 14 °C and 1865 mm per year, respectively, resulting in a subtropical wet climate. The collection site is dominated by a forest consisting of Phyllostachys heterocycla, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima uperba and P. heterocycla. The other bat species roosting in the same cave were Rhinolophus affinis, R. pearsoni, R. macrotis, Hipposideros armiger, M. davidii and M. formosus.Published as part of Jiang, Tinglei, Sun, Keping, Chou, Chenghan, Zhang, Zhenzhen & Feng, Jiang, 2010, First record of Myotis flavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from mainland China and a reassessment of its taxonomic status, pp. 41-51 in Zootaxa 2414 on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19436
Marmosa formosa Shamel 1930
No full textMarmosa formosa Shamel, 1930. J. Mammal., 11:311. TYPE LOCALITY: Argentina, Formosa, Riacho Pilaga, 16 km N. W. of Km 182. DISTRIBUTION: Formosa Prov., N. Argentina. COMMENT: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of velutina by Cabrera, 1958:33; but see Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:14. ISIS NUMBER: 5301402001009011001.Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Marsupialia, pp. 18-51 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.735300
Rethinking developmental policy space in a fragmented trade regime
No full textShamel Azmeh and Ken Shadlen explore the concerning rule breaking threatening the future of the multilateral trade regime
Eptesicus lynni Shamel 1945
No full textEptesicus lynni Shamel, 1945. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 58: 107. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica, 3 mi E. Montego Bay. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. COMMENT: Probably only a subspecies of fuscus (KFK). Arnold et al., 1980, J. Mammal., 61: 319-322, suggested that it is probably not conspecific with fuscus.Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Chiroptera, pp. 111-215 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 174, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.735299
Sturnira bogotensis Shamel 1927
No full text<p> <i>Sturnira bogotensis</i> Shamel, 1927. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 40:129.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cundinamarca, Bogota.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: W Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina.</p> <p> COMMENTS: Subgenus <i>Sturnira.</i> Usually confused with <i>ludovici,</i> but recognized by Handley (1976:25). See also comment under <i>ludovici.</i> The correct name of this species is probably <i>oporaphilum; see</i> Anderson et al. (1982:6).</p>Published as part of <i>Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press</i> on page 192, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7353060">10.5281/zenodo.7353060</a>
Sturnira bogotensis Shamel 1927
No full text<p> <i>Sturnira bogotensis</i> Shamel, 1927. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40: 129.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cundinamarca, Bogota.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia.</p> <p> COMMENT: Usually confused with <i>ludovici,</i> but recognized by Handley, 1976, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., 20(5):25. See also comment under <i>ludovici.</i></p>Published as part of <i>James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Chiroptera, pp. 111-215 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections</i> on page 164, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7352990">10.5281/zenodo.7352990</a>
On Terrain-Aware Locomotion for Legged Robots
No full textLegged robots are advancing towards being fully autonomous as can be seen
by the recent developments in academia and industry. To accomplish breakthroughs in dynamic whole-body locomotion, and to be robust while traversing
unexplored complex environments, legged robots have to be terrain aware.
Terrain-Aware Locomotion (TAL) implies that the robot can perceive the
terrain with its sensors, and can take decisions based on this information. The
decisions can either be in planning, control, or in state estimation, and the
terrain may vary in geometry or in its physical properties. TAL can be categorized into Proprioceptive Terrain-Aware Locomotion (PTAL), which relies
on the internal robot measurements to negotiate the terrain, and Exteroceptive
Terrain-Aware Locomotion (ETAL) that relies on the robot’s vision to perceive
the terrain. This thesis presents TAL strategies both from a proprioceptive and
an exteroceptive perspective. The strategies are implemented at the level of
locomotion planning, control, and state estimation, and are using optimization
and learning techniques.
The first part of this thesis focuses on PTAL strategies that help the robot
adapt to the terrain geometry and properties. At the Whole-Body Control
(WBC) level, achieving dynamic TAL requires reasoning about the robot dynamics, actuation and kinematic limits as well as the terrain interaction. For
that, we introduce a Passive Whole-Body Control (pWBC) framework that allows the robot to stabilize and walk over challenging terrain while taking into
account the terrain geometry (inclination) and friction properties. The pWBC
relies on rigid contact assumptions which makes it suitable only for stiff terrain. As a consequence, we introduce Soft Terrain Adaptation aNd Compliance
Estimation (STANCE) which is a soft terrain adaptation algorithm that generalizes beyond rigid terrain. STANCE consists of a Compliant Contact Consistent
Whole-Body Control (c3WBC) that adapts the locomotion strategies based on
the terrain impedance, and an online Terrain Compliance Estimator (TCE) that
senses and learns the terrain impedance properties to provide it to the c
3WBC.
Additionally, we demonstrate the effects of terrains with different impedances
on state estimation for legged robots.
The second part of the thesis focuses on ETAL strategies that makes the
robot aware of the terrain geometry using visual (exteroceptive) information.
To do so, we present Vision-Based Terrain-Aware Locomotion (ViTAL) which is
a locomotion planning strategy. ViTAL consists of a Vision-Based Pose Adaptation (VPA) algorithm to plan the robot’s body pose, and a Vision-Based
Foothold Adaptation (VFA) algorithm to select the robot’s footholds. The VFA
is an extension to the state of the art in foothold selection planning strategies. Most importantly, the VPA algorithm introduces a different paradigm for
vision-based pose adaptation. ViTAL relies on a set of robot skills that characterizes the capabilities of the robot and its legs. These skills are then learned
via self-supervised learning using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The
skills include (but are not limited to) the robot’s ability to assess the terrain’s
geometry, avoid leg collisions, and to avoid reaching kinematic limits. As a
result, we contribute with an online vision-based locomotion planning strategy
that selects the footholds based on the robot capabilities, and the robot pose
that maximizes the chances of the robot succeeding in reaching these footholds.
Our strategies are extensively validated on the quadruped robots HyQ and
HyQReal in simulation and experiment. We show that with the help of these
strategies, we can push dynamic legged robots one step closer towards being
fully autonomous and terrain aware
Fig. 1 in On the Relationships of ''Marmosa'' formosa Shamel, 1930 (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), a Phylogenetic Puzzle from the Chaco of Northern Argentina
No full textFig. 1. Dorsal and ventral views of the skin of the holotype of Chacodelphys formosa (Shamel), both approximately life size.Published as part of VOSS, ROBERT S., GARDNER, ALFRED L. & JANSA, SHARON A., 2004, On the Relationships of ''Marmosa'' formosa Shamel, 1930 (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), a Phylogenetic Puzzle from the Chaco of Northern Argentina, pp. 1-18 in American Museum Novitates 3442 (1) on page 4, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)4422.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/538208
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