1,720,961 research outputs found
Concept accessibility and the experience of stress
Full text linkGrowing evidence suggests that emotions depend on how people make meaning of their on-going physiological states. In a two-session study I systematically examine how emotion concept accessibility influences an individual’s self reported affective state, attributions, and cardiovascular activity, during an unpleasant task. In an initial session participants (n = 972) completed a series of behavioral and affective self-report measures and were screened for eligibility for session two. During session two, participants (n = 201) engaged in a conversation with a “participant”, who manipulates participants’ access to emotion concepts (anger v. embarrassed), a physiological concept (fast heartbeat) or nothing in a control conversation. Next, participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum et al., 1993), a highly arousing unpleasant performance-based task. Results revealed that participants in the anger condition were significantly more likely to externally blame the task, perceived having less control, and were more likely to exhibit displaced aggression, as seen in evaluating experimenters not involved in the stressful task, more harshly. The cardiovascular data revealed no clear pattern. Implications for emotion theory and the role of concepts in shaping our experiences and future directions are discussed.Doctor of Philosoph
Linguistic and situational context assists emotion concept acquisition in preschoolers
Full text linkLittle work examines how emotion words are acquired by children. Linguistic evidence suggests children learn novel words by using the sentence structure in which the word is presented. Psychological research suggests children use situational context to understand emotion words. We examine the role of both in children’s (ages 3–5) perception of novel words denoting emotions. An exploratory archival analysis (Study 1; N=12) examined common sentence structures in adult-child discourse of emotions. In Study 2 (N=120) children viewed a prerecorded puppet conversation including a novel word in one of three sentence structures. After each video, children selected an image they believed represented the meaning of the word. In Study 3 (N=113) situational context was added through cartoons depicting an emotional scenario. Findings suggest that emotion images are chosen more when children are older, given more informative sentence structures, and when situational context implies an emotion is present.Master of Art
Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence
Full text linkPrior research indicates that Facebook usage predicts declines in subjective well-being over time. How does this come about? We examined this issue in 2 studies using experimental and field methods. In Study 1, cueing people in the laboratory to use Facebook passively (rather than actively) led to declines in affective well-being over time. Study 2 replicated these findings in the field using experience-sampling techniques. It also demonstrated how passive Facebook usage leads to declines in affective well-being: by increasing envy. Critically, the relationship between passive Facebook usage and changes in affective well-being remained significant when controlling for active Facebook use, non-Facebook online social network usage, and direct social interactions, highlighting the specificity of this result. These findings demonstrate that passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being.sponsorship: This research was supported by funds provided by the University of Michigan to EK and a postdoctoral research fellowship to PV from the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO). Author contributions: Conceived and designed Study 1: PV, DSL, JP, JB, HS, AO, OY, JJ, EK; conceived and designed Study 2: PV, DSL, JP, HS, JB, OY, JJ, EK; performed Study 1: DSL, HS, AO; performed Study 2: HS; analyzed the data: PV, DSL; wrote the article: PV, DSL, AO, EK; discussed the results and commented on the manuscript: PV, DSL, JP, HS, AO, JB, JJ, EK. (University of Michigan, Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO))status: Publishe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
When perceptions defy reality: The relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Although the relationship between depression and "offline" social support is well established, numerous questions surround the relationship between "online" social support and depression. We explored this issue by examining the social support dynamics that characterize the way individuals with varying levels of depression (Study 1) and SCID-diagnosed clinically depressed and non-depressed individuals (Study 2) interact with Facebook, the world's largest online social network. METHOD: Using a novel methodology, we examined how disclosing positive or negative information on Facebook influences the amount of social support depressed individuals (a) actually receive (based on actual social support transactions recorded on Facebook walls) and (b) think they receive (based on subjective assessments) from their Facebook network. RESULTS: Contrary to prior research indicating that depression correlates with less actual social support from "offline" networks, across both studies depression was positively correlated with social support from Facebook networks when participants disclosed negative information (p=.02 in Study 1 and p=.06 in Study 2). Yet, depression was negatively correlated with how much social support participants thought they received from their Facebook networks (p=.005 in Study 1 and p=.001 in Study 2). LIMITATIONS: The sample size was relatively small in Study 2, reflecting difficulties of recruiting individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that an asymmetry characterizes the relationship between depression and different types of Facebook social support and further identify perceptions of Facebook social support as a potential intervention target. (243 words; 250 max)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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