1,721,021 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Surgical approach to diaphragmatic hernias treatment
Get PDFDijafragmalne hernije predstavljaju izazov za abdominalnu i torakalnu kirurgiju u postizanju zadovoljavajućeg anatomskog i funkcionalnog rezultata u pacijenata. Dijafragma služi kao anatomski zid između pozitivnog abdominalnog i negativnog torakalnog tlaka, te je najvažniji respiratorni mišić. Hernije mogu nastati u odrasloj dobi ili kongenitalno, izolirane ili kao dio nekih sindroma. 85% dijafragmalnih hernija otpada na tip I hijatalne hernije ili kližuće hernije, koje su udružene s pojavom gastroezofagealne refluksne bolesti. Osim njih, u stečene dijafragmalne hernije spadaju i paraezofagealne hijatalne hernije ili tip II. Najpoznatije kongenitalne dijafragmalne hernije su Bochdalekova hernija te hernija Morgangi, koje se prema europskim registrima pojavljuju u 2.3 na 10 000 živorođenih. Kod kongenitalnih dijafragmalnih hernija kliničke manifestacije nastaju zbog patoloških promjena na plućima i mogu dovesti do plućne hipertenzije, dok su stečene najčešće asimptomatske, ali se mogu prezentirati disfagijom, regurgitacijom, povraćanjem, gubitkom težine, anemijom i respiratornim simptomima. Bochdalekova hernija je, ako se prepozna, indikacija za hitnu operaciju. Morgangijeva je najčešće neprepoznata do odrasle dobi. Za hijatalnu i paraezofagealnu hijatalnu herniju preporuča se elektivni operacijski zahvat. Najčešći pristup je laparoskopski, iako je moguć i otvoreni transabdominalni i transtorakalni pristup. Laparoskopija pruža prednosti minimalno invazivne kirurgije, kao što su manja rana, kraći postoperativni boravak i smanjen mortalitet. Sadržaj hernije se reponira, te se defekt zatvara metodom bez napetosti, šavovima ili primjenom kirurške mrežice. Kod hijatalnehernije radi se i fundoplikacija, najčešće metodom po Nissenu.Diaphragmatic hernias present a challenge for abdominal and thoracic surgery in terms of achieving adequate anatomical and functional results in patients. The diaphragm is an anatomical wall that separates positive intraabdominal and negative intrathoracic pressure, as well as being the most significant respiratory muscle. Hernias can develop in adults or congenital, either isolated or as a part of genetic syndromes. Eighty-five percent of hernias are sliding hiatal hernias, or type I hernias. They are acquired hiatal hernias, often presented with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Type II or paraesophageal hiatal hernias are also considered acquired diaphragmatic hernias. The most commonly known congenital diaphragmatic hernias include Bochdalek and Morgangi hernias, which are presented in 2.3 per 10 000 live births, according to European registers. Clinical manifestations of congenital diaphragm hernias develop as a result of a lung pathology and possibly lead to pulmonary hypertension. In most cases, adult hernias are asymptomatic, but can present with dysphagia, regurgitation, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, or respiratory issues. With an early diagnosis, Bochdalek hernias present a surgical emergency and should be treated at once. Morgangi hernias are commonly undiagnosed until an adult age. For hiatal hernias, elective operative procedures are recommended. The most common approach is laparoscopic, however, laparotomy or thoracotomy are also possible. Laparoscopy provides significant benefits of minimally invasive surgery, for instance, smaller wounds, shorter postoperative stay, as well as lower mortality rates. Hernial content is repositioned, and a tension-free repair is performed, either by using a surgical mesh or sutures. The fundoplication procedure is also performed in hiatal and paraesophageal hernias, generally using the Nissen method
Abdominal compartment syndrome
No full textSindrom abdominalnog kompartmenta je disfunkcija jednog ili više organskih sustava uzrokovana intraabdominalnom hipertenzijom, odnosno povišenim tlakom u abdominalnoj šupljini. Pogođen može biti gotovo svaki organski sustav te može nastupiti smanjenje srčane funkcije, venskog priljeva u srce i perfuzije abdominalne viscere, hipoksemija, hiperkapnija, zatajenje bubrega i povišenje intrakranijalnog tlaka. Dijagnoza sindroma abdominalnog kompartmenta postavlja se mjerenjem intraabdominalnog tlaka, najčešće indirektno, korištenjem intravezikalnog katetera. Simptomi, znakovi i radiološke slikovne metode nedovoljne su za postavljanje dijagnoze. Liječenje se sastoji od pažljivog praćenja, suportivnih mjera i kirurške dekompresije. Kirurška dekompresija je definitivna terapijska metoda i ne smije se odgađati u pacijenata s razvijenim sindromom abdominalnog kompartmenta. Nakon dekompresije medijalnom laparotomijom, abdomen se održava otvorenim dok se intraabdominalni tlak ne smanji. Kako bi se reducirao posljedični gubitak tekućine i proteina, stvaranje fistula te gubitak domene, abdomen se privremeno zatvara raznim tehnikama. One uključuju zatvaranje zakrpom, abdominalnim spremnikom te zatvaranje pomoću sistema za primjenu negativnog tlaka. Navedene tehnike imaju određene prednosti i nedostatke, a najbolja se pokazala kombinacija Wittmanove zakrpe i sistema za primjenu negativnog tlaka. Dok se abdomen održava otvorenim, pacijenta treba pažljivo monitorirati u jedinici intenzivne skrbi i reevaluirati u kirurškoj sali, po potrebi više puta. Definitivno zatvaranje abdomena treba učiniti što prije, čim se intraabdominalna hipertenzija razriješi. Idealan način je primarno fascijalno zatvaranje, ali ako ono nije izvedivo, može se učiniti funkcionalno zatvaranje, odnosno postavljanje kirurške mrežice inlay tehnikom. Funkcionalno zatvaranje omogućava premoštenje defekta abdominalnog zida i pospješuje nastanak novog vezivnog tkiva fascije. Ako se rubovi fascije ni na koji način ne mogu funkcionalno zatvoriti, preostaje učiniti planiranu abdominalnu herniju. Ishodi su najbolji nakon primarnog fascijalnog zatvaranja. Mortalitet pacijenata koji su razvili sindrom abdominalnog kompartmenta u literaturi se kreće između 40% i 100%.Abdominal compartment syndrome refers to organ dysfunction caused by intra-abdominal hypertension, meaning high pressure inside the abdominal cavity. Nearly every organ system can be affected, leading to impaired cardiac function, decreased venous return, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, renal failure, diminished splanchnic perfusion, and elevated intracranial pressure. The diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome requires intra-abdominal pressure measurement. Indirect measurement of intravesical pressure via a urinary catheter is the usual method. Symptoms, physical signs, and imaging findings are insufficient as diagnostic tools. Management consists of careful observation, supportive care, and surgical decompression. Surgical decompression of the abdominal cavity is considered definitive management and shouldn't be delayed in patients with developed abdominal compartment syndrome. Following decompression via median laparotomy, an open abdomen is maintained until intra-abdominal pressure normalizes. To reduce fluid and protein losses, fistula formation and loss of domain, the abdomen is temporarily closed using various techniques. They include patch closure, silo closure, and negative pressure systems. Each mentioned technique has some advantages and disadvantages, but Wittman patch and negative pressure system combination seems to be the best choice. During open abdomen maintenance, the patient has to be closely monitored in an intensive care unit and his condition reevaluated inside the operating room as many times is necessary. Definitive closure of the abdomen should be performed as soon as possible when intra-abdominal hypertension is successfully treated. Primary fascial closure is ideal, but if it is not feasible, functional closure can be performed using a surgical mesh inlay technique. Functional closure enables abdominal defect bridging and generation of new fascial tissue. If the gap between the fascial edges is too wide for a functional closure, planned ventral hernia is the only option. Patient outcomes are best with primary fascial closure. Mortality for patients who developed abdominal compartment syndrome ranges between 40% and 100%
Abdominal trauma
No full textTrauma trbuha posljedica je djelovanja tupog ili prodornog mehanizma u kojem sila velike
energije zahvaća trbušnu stijenku. Vrsta i stupanj ozljede ovise o mehanizmu i jačini djelovanja
sile, fizičkom stanju bolesnika te vrsti korištenog oružja. Ozljeda može zahvatiti bilo koje tkivo
trbušne šupljine, od kože, mišića i potkožnog tkiva pa sve do solidnih organa i krvnih žila.
Dijagnoza se temelji na anamnezi, kliničkom pregledu, laboratorijskim nalazima i radiološkim
pretragama. U kliničkom pregledu prevladavaju nespecifični simptomi poput boli ili
osjetljivosti trbuha, tahikardije, povraćanja i hipotenzije. Specifični nalazi koji pobuđuju
sumnju na ozljedu trbušnih organa uključuju ekhimozu, kontuziju ili hematom trbušne stijenke,
pojasasto širenje boli, spontanu bol i hiperesteziju u području lijevog ramena, krepitacije donjih
rebara, bolnost pri kompresiji obiju kristi zdjelice te znakove nadražaja peritoneuma. Od
radioloških pretraga najčešće se koriste rendgen (RTG), ultrazvuk (UZV) i kompjutorizirana
tomografija (CT) s kontrastom. RTG pomaže u otkrivanju pneumoperitoneuma, odnosno
prisutnosti zraka u trbušnoj šupljini, što ukazuje na rupturu pojedinog organa, dok je UZV
odlična metoda za brzo otkrivanje prisutnosti slobodne tekućine u trbušnoj šupljini u
hemodinamski nestabilnih bolesnika. CT snimka s kontrastom, osim slobodne tekućine,
omogućuje i detaljniji prikaz ozljede solidnih organa, a koristi se kod hemodinamski stabilnih
pacijenata. Liječenje bolesnika s traumom trbuha, ovisno o vrsti ozljede i kliničkom stanju
pacijenta, može biti konzervativno ili kirurško. Konzervativno liječenje provodi se u
hemodinamski stabilnih bolesnika koji nemaju indikacije za laparotomiju, dok će
hemodinamski nestabilni bolesnici te oni sa značajnijim ili pridruženim ozljedama okolnih
tkiva zahtijevati kirurško liječenje, odnosno eksploraciju i evaluaciju ozljede trbušne šupljine,
a zatim i njeno zbrinjavanje. Vrsta kirurške intervencije ovisi o mjestu ozljede te iskustvu i
odabiru kirurga. Važno je na vrijeme prepoznati ili postaviti sumnju na traumu trbuha, budući
da je neprepoznata ozljeda ili neadekvatno liječenje povezano s većim rizikom nastanka
komplikacija i mortaliteta.Abdominal trauma is the result of the action of a blunt or penetrating mechanism in which a
force of great energy affects the abdominal wall. The type and degree of injury depends on the
mechanism and strength of the force, the physical condition of the patient and the type of the
weapon used. The injury can affect any tissue of the abdominal cavity, from skin, muscles and
subcutaneous tissue up to solid organs and blood vessels. Diagnosis is based on clinical
examination, medical history, laboratory findings and radiological imaging. Clinical
examination is predominated by non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain or tenderness,
tachycardia, vomiting or hypotension. Specific findings suggestive of abdominal injury include
ecchymosis, contusion or hematoma of the abdominal wall, band-spreading painpain,
spontaneous pain and hyperesthesia in the left shoulder, crackles on palpation of the lower ribs,
pain on pelvic compression, and signs of peritoneal irritation. X-ray, ultrasound (US) and
computed tomography (CT) with contrast are the most commonly used radiological imaging
methods. X-ray helps to detect pneumoperitoneum, i.e. the presence of air in the abdominal
cavity, which indicates rupture of an organ, while ultrasound is an excellent method for rapid
detection of the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity in hemodynamically unstable
patients. Contrast-enhanced CT provides a more detailed view of solid organ injury, in addition
to free fluid and is used in hemodynamically stable patients. Treatment of patients with
abdominal trauma, depending on the type of injury and the clinical condition of the patient, can
be either conservative or surgical. Conservative treatment is performed in hemodynamically
stable patients who have no indications for laparotomy, while hemodynamically unstable
patients and those with significant or associated injuries to surrounding tissues will require
surgical treatment, exploration and evaluation of abdominal injury, followed by its
management. The type of surgical intervention depends on the location of the injury and the
experience and choice of the surgeon. It is important to identify or suspect abdominal trauma
in a timely manner, as unrecognized injury or inadequate treatment is associated with a higher
risk of complications and mortality
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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