1,720,958 research outputs found
Désalinisation de l'eau de mer par des méthodes capacitives
No full textRecently, a desalination technique based on porous carbon has been reported, merging together desalination process with electrochemical energy storage. Thanks to this new strategy, an important step forward, respect to other water desalination technologies, has been achieved. The principle is based on the capacitive adsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions in the pores of a porous activated carbon, constituting the active material of an electrochemical double layer capacitor electrode. Differently from conventional EDLC, the active material is made in the present case as slurries flowed through an electrochemical cell to achieve a continuous desalination of seat water; such system has been named Electrochemical Flow Capacitor (ELC). We first studied the different components of the electrochemical cell, from solvent / solute interactions to the structure of the carbons used as electrode materials. These studies were done using a conventional supercapacitor assembly, i.e. a cell in which the two porous carbon electrodes (anode and cathode) are implemented as a film. We characterized a desalinization cell using different type of electrodes using the [FeIII(CN)6]3- / [FeII(CN)6]4- redox couple as an electrochemical probe. Our approach allowed to define a dimensionless number teta, which is proportional to the flow rate and inversely proportional to the potential scan rate, giving a guideline to sort out different operating regimes in the flow cell. Two operating regimes have been evidenced: a permanent regime for teta > 45, allowing for higher and efficient charge adsorption, and a non-permanent domain for teta 45, permettant une adsorption de charge plus élevée et efficace, et un domaine non permanent pour teta <45. Enfin nous avons procédé à la formulation des suspensions de carbone. Nous avons étudié dans ce sens la rhéologie et les propriétés électrochimiques des suspensions en fonction de la composition, pour afin déterminer la meilleure composition de suspension à utiliser pour notre cellule fonctionnant en mode EFC
Desalination of seawater by capacitive methods
No full textDernièrement une technique de désalinisation à base de carbone poreux, qui constitue une avancée importante parmi les nombreuses technologies de désalinisation de l'eau, a été rapportée. Le principe repose sur le fait que les ions Na+ et Cl- sont adsorbés dans les pores des carbones sous l'effet d'une polarisation externe : les ions sodium sont adsorbés à l'électrode négative et les chlorures à la positive. Notre travail porte sur le développement des matériaux et sur le design des cellules optimisées, l'objectif étant d'améliorer le rendement énergétique du procédé de désalinisation. Dans ce contexte nous étudions aussi le concept de EFC (Electrochemical Flow Capacitor) qui consiste à faire circuler une suspension de carbone dans l'eau salée à l'intérieur d'une cellule électrochimique. Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps les différents composants de la cellule électrochimique, des interactions solvant/soluté jusqu'à la structure des carbones utilisés comme matériaux d'électrode. Ces études se sont faites en utilisant un montage classique de supercondensateur, c'est-à-dire une cellule dans laquelle les deux électrodes de carbone poreux (anode et cathode) sont mise en œuvre sous forme de film qui recouvre un colleteur de courant. Nous avons caractérisé une cellule de désalinisation en utilisant différents types d'électrodes et le couple redox [FeIII(CN)6]3- / [FeII(CN)6]4- comme sonde électrochimique. Notre approche a permis de définir un nombre sans dimension teta, qui est proportionnel au débit et inversement proportionnel à la vitesse de balayage du potentiel, donnant une ligne directrice pour définir les différents régimes de fonctionnement pour la cellule en mode flow. Deux régimes de fonctionnement ont été mis en évidence : un régime permanent pour teta> 45, permettant une adsorption de charge plus élevée et efficace, et un domaine non permanent pour teta 45, allowing for higher and efficient charge adsorption, and a non-permanent domain for teta < 45. Finally, we proceeded to the formulation of carbon suspensions. We studied the rheology and the electrochemical properties of the suspensions according to the composition in order to determine the best suspension composition to use for our cell operating in EFC mode
Désalinisation de l'eau de mer par des méthodes capacitives
Full text linkDernièrement une technique de désalinisation à base de carbone poreux, qui constitue une avancée importante parmi les nombreuses technologies de désalinisation de l'eau, a été rapportée. Le principe repose sur le fait que les ions Na+ et Cl- sont adsorbés dans les pores des carbones sous l'effet d'une polarisation externe : les ions sodium sont adsorbés à l'électrode négative et les chlorures à la positive. Notre travail porte sur le développement des matériaux et sur le design des cellules optimisées, l'objectif étant d'améliorer le rendement énergétique du procédé de désalinisation. Dans ce contexte nous étudions aussi le concept de EFC (Electrochemical Flow Capacitor) qui consiste à faire circuler une suspension de carbone dans l'eau salée à l'intérieur d'une cellule électrochimique. Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps les différents composants de la cellule électrochimique, des interactions solvant/soluté jusqu'à la structure des carbones utilisés comme matériaux d'électrode. Ces études se sont faites en utilisant un montage classique de supercondensateur, c'est-à-dire une cellule dans laquelle les deux électrodes de carbone poreux (anode et cathode) sont mise en œuvre sous forme de film qui recouvre un colleteur de courant. Nous avons caractérisé une cellule de désalinisation en utilisant différents types d'électrodes et le couple redox [FeIII(CN)6]3- / [FeII(CN)6]4- comme sonde électrochimique. Notre approche a permis de définir un nombre sans dimension teta, qui est proportionnel au débit et inversement proportionnel à la vitesse de balayage du potentiel, donnant une ligne directrice pour définir les différents régimes de fonctionnement pour la cellule en mode flow. Deux régimes de fonctionnement ont été mis en évidence : un régime permanent pour teta> 45, permettant une adsorption de charge plus élevée et efficace, et un domaine non permanent pour teta 45, allowing for higher and efficient charge adsorption, and a non-permanent domain for teta < 45. Finally, we proceeded to the formulation of carbon suspensions. We studied the rheology and the electrochemical properties of the suspensions according to the composition in order to determine the best suspension composition to use for our cell operating in EFC mode
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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