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Church and Gospel Teachers in Minahasa
No full textThis research aims to historically explain the general situation of Dutch colonialism in the early twentieth century in Minahasa. Research also describes the motivation and purpose of forming the Pangkal Setia organization by zending teachers in the early twentieth century. It explains the results of the struggle obtained by the zending teachers through the Pangkal Setia organization in the early twentieth century in Tomohon. According to Marc Bloch (1988), this research uses the historical method, which consists of 4 (four) stages, namely problem formulation and historical observation; data collection is implemented by studying documents: archives, books, magazines, newspapers, and research results earlier. The data from archives and other sources are historically critiqued and interpreted into facts, then assembled into historical stories of the events studied. The study results concluded that the Nederlandsche Zendelingen Genootschape-NZG (Gospel Preaching Agency) carries out its mission in Indonesia. It also seeks education through opening schools for the community in its working area. The NZG applied the same task in Minahasa and later produced two groups of educated people, called 'Congregational Teachers and Gospel Teachers'. However, in carrying out their church ministry duties, they were distinguished when they served during the Indische Kerk (Dutch colonial government church) in Minahasa
The Church and Politics of Early 20th Centuries in Minahasa
No full textThis study aims to explain the presence of the Indische Kerk (church) of the Dutch colonial government in Minahasa, identify the problems faced by the Indische Kerk and efforts to address them in Minahasa, and analyze politics and political education in Minahasa, as well as the impact of colonial politics on the process of church ministry in Minahasa. This study employs both the structural method of Lloyd (1978) and the explanation of the fact theory of Tilly (1978). Research and discussion revealed that the presence of the Indische Kerk in Minahasa is connected to the rule of the Dutch colonial administration following the bankruptcy of the VOC trade partnership on December 31, 1799. Consequently, NZG cannot refinance its work in Minahasa. The Dutch colonial administration utilized the church door, the Indische Kerk, to exert control over the Minahasa people. However, some Minahasa-educated individuals who comprehended the politics of the Dutch colonial administration and who collaborated with the Indische Kerk to control the Minahasa people opposed the colonial church's engagement in establishing an autonomous church in Minahasa
Raja Ampat in Political Networks and Strategies of Sultan Nuku's War Against the Dutch Company Istiyanatul
No full textThis study aims to explain the relationship between Raja Ampat and the Tidore Sultanate beforethe era of Sultan Nuku. The paper discusses the causes of the conflict between Sultan Nuku and the Dutch Company in the XVIII-early nineteenth century. By research and discussion, it is clearly inform that before Nuku became tobe powerfull, the Tidore sultanate had contact with the area now known as Raja Ampat (then called Papua). Based on this relationship, when the VOC interfered in replacing the power holder to the throne of the Tidore sultanate, Sultan Nuku protested and moved out of Tidore island to Raja Ampat to form a war force from the area of influence of the Tidore sultanate. The strength of the troops that including the people of East Halmahera, the islands of Raja Ampat, and the island of Seram, were able to be mobilized to fight to reclaim the throne of the Tidore sultanate, which had previously been controlled by a leader appointed by the VOC as sultan as a measure of work, both in the Dutch bureaucracy and the indigenous bureaucracy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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