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Linguistic coding of the concept of motion: literal and metaphorical expressions in adult and child greek
No full textLinguistic representations of motion are investigated, in order to contribute to the question of how language effects conceptualization at the moment of speaking. Both literal expressions of physical motion as well as their non-literal extensions to encode more abstract phenomena, such as temporal changes, are analyzed. In a developmental and cross-linguistic approach, data from Greek children and adults is partly compared with corresponding data from English. Three studies on physical motion focus upon Manner and Path elements in the verb phrase, testing theoretical and empirical claims that typological differences in the way languages code for motion effect speakers’ attention to Manner. They compare descriptions of motion events in Greek and English, a verb-framed and a satellite-framed language respectively -the former coding Path in the verb and Manner in optional adjuncts and the latter coding Manner in the verb and Path in satellites. Three types of discourse are analyzed: spontaneous conversations between children and adults in the age range of 1;8-4;6 years as well as two types of narratives by children aged 4, 7 and 10 years and adults. The narratives were elicited through pictures and a film, with the interviewer having no recourse to the latter whatsoever. Results show, on the one hand, predictable cross-linguistic differences. Greater attention is paid to Manner in English than in Greek, with the difference arising even at the age of 2 years and increasing in adults. On the other hand, similarities are also occasionally noted across ages and languages (e.g. limited repertories of Manner verbs in the picture narratives). This is reflected in differences being sharper and earlier in the conversations, somewhat less so in the film narratives and least of all in the picture narratives. Such complicated patterns are, nonetheless, argued to not counteract the effect of language structure on speech habits, but to highlight instead how research results can be effected by the content of discourse (e.g. restricted chances for Manner in the picture narratives but abundant in the conversations) and its communicative exigencies (e.g. greater need felt by speakers to explicitly code Path and Manner information in the film relative to the picture narratives). Three more studies examine the development of abilities to produce and understand non-literal uses of motion verbs. Based on the conversations noted above, one study reveals various types of non-literality in both Greek and English child and child-directed speech, some even earlier than 2 years. Such evidence supports recent findings on spontaneous child speech which follow the cognitive semantics conception of figurativity as a basic and often conventionalized phenomenon of language. The remaining two studies focus upon how metaphoric motion in narratives is used and comprehended by Greek children aged 3-10 years. Results show such abilities even at 3 years, but also their gradual enrichment with age both in frequency and variety of non-literality. Therefore, traditional claims that acquisition of figurative language is a long-term process are also not undermined. The developmental sequence suggested for the various types of non-literal motion (e.g. metaphors, fictive motion) is ascribed to their degree of cognitive abstractness as well as conventionality. In fact, relative frequency in the ambient language can even speed up the appearance of a non-literal type in one language over another.Η μελέτη πραγματεύεται τη γλωσσική κωδικοποίηση της κίνησης με στόχο να συμβάλει στη συζήτηση για το πώς τυχόν μεσολαβεί η γλώσσα στη σύλληψη της εμπειρίας τη στιγμή της ομιλίας. Εξετάζει τόσο κυριολεκτικές περιγραφές γεγονότων φυσικής κίνησης όσο και μη κυριολεκτικές χρήσεις τους μέσω των οποίων κωδικοποιούνται πιο αφηρημένα φαινόμενα (π.χ. μεταφορές για χρονικές αλλαγές, όπως μπαίνει η άνοιξη). Προσεγγίζει αυτές τις γλωσσικές αναπαραστάσεις αναπτυξιακά και διαγλωσσικά, αναλύοντας δεδομένα από ελληνόφωνα παιδιά και ενήλικες τα οποία συγκρίνει εν μέρει με αντίστοιχα από αγγλόφωνους. Τρεις έρευνες εστιάζουν στο πώς περιγράφεται μέσω της ρηματικής φράσης η φυσική κίνηση και ειδικότερα τα συστατικά Τρόπου και Πορείας με βάση τα οποία εννοιοποιείται. Ελέγχουν τη θεωρητική υπόθεση, που έχει επιβεβαιωθεί εμπειρικά εκτενώς, ότι οι διαγλωσσικές διαφορές στην κωδικοποίηση της κίνησης επηρεάζουν την εστίαση των ομιλητών στον Τρόπο. Συγκρίνουν περιγραφές στα ελληνικά, μια γλώσσα που κωδικοποιεί την Πορεία στο ρήμα και τον Τρόπο σε προαιρετικά προσαρτήματα (π.χ. βγαίνω μπουσουλώντας), και στα αγγλικά, μια γλώσσα που κωδικοποιεί τον Τρόπο στο ρήμα και την Πορεία σε μόρια-δορυφόρους (π.χ. crawl out). Αναλύονται τρία είδη λόγου: αυθόρμητες συνομιλίες παιδιών με ενήλικες στις ηλικίες 1;8 έως 4;6 ετών όπως και δύο ειδών αφηγήματα από ενήλικες και παιδιά 4, 7 και 10 ετών. Τα αφηγήματα εκμαιεύτηκαν μέσω εικόνων και μιας ταινίας και απευθύνονται στην τελευταία από τις δύο περιπτώσεις σε αδαή συνομιλητή. Αφενός, βρέθηκαν ενδείξεις πιθανής διαγλωσσικής διαφοράς: οι αγγλόφωνοι -ιδίως οι ενήλικες αλλά και τα παιδιά ακόμη και κάτω των 2 ετών- κωδικοποιούν τον Τρόπο πιο συστηματικά από τους ελληνόφωνους. Αφετέρου, παρατηρούνται σποραδικά και ομοιότητες ανάμεσα στις δύο γλώσσες και στις διάφορες ηλικίες (π.χ. περιορισμένο εύρος ρημάτων Τρόπου στις αφηγήσεις βάσει των εικόνων). Αυτό αντανακλάται στο εύρημα ότι οι διαφορές εμφανίζονται νωρίτερα και αναδεικνύονται πιο ισχυρές στις συνομιλίες, λιγότερο στις αφηγήσεις της ταινίας κι ακόμη λιγότερο στην ιστορία των εικόνων. Υποστηρίζεται εντούτοις ότι τα περίπλοκα αυτά ευρήματα δεν αναιρούν την πιθανότητα διαγλωσσικής σχετικότητας στις συνήθειες ομιλίας, αλλά αντιθέτως αναδεικνύουν ότι τα δεδομένα μιας εμπειρικής έρευνας μπορεί να επηρεάζονται από το περιεχόμενο του λόγου (π.χ. περιορισμένες ευκαιρίες για αναφορά στον Τρόπο στις εικόνες αλλά αφειδείς στις συνομιλίες) και τις εκάστοτε επικοινωνιακές συνθήκες (π.χ. στην αφήγηση της ταινίας έναντι των εικόνων οι ομιλητές νιώθουν πιο έντονα την ανάγκη να μεταδώσουν στοιχεία Τρόπου και Πορείας). Τρεις πάλι μελέτες διερευνούν το πώς αναπτύσσεται η χρήση και η κατανόηση μη κυριολεκτικών ρημάτων κίνησης. Η πρώτη αναδεικνύει στις παραπάνω συνομιλίες στα ελληνικά και στα αγγλικά ότι τόσο οι ενήλικες όσο και τα παιδιά κωδικοποιούν μέσω ρημάτων κίνησης λιγότερο απτά φαινόμενα ήδη από το δεύτερο χρόνο της ζωής
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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