1,721,681 research outputs found
The Legal Dimensions of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmaceutical Innovation (original title in accepted version):Editorial to special issue of the European Pharmaceutical Law Review on "Big Data, AI & Machine Learning in Pharmaceutial Innovation"
Full text linkMultiple factors indicate that big data, artificial intelligence and machine learning will play a crucial role in the evolution of pharmaceutical innovation.The ongoing paradigm shift is fuelled by rapid technical advances that have greatly transformed and enhanced many facets of the pharmaceutical sector. Huge datasets are driving new drug discoveries and are making clinical trials more efficient, while sophisticated data models have enabled healthcare professionals to better predict and prevent illness using new technology ranging from precision medicine to AI assisted diagnostics as well as genetic engineering and sequencing. Big data and AI have also transformed international collaboration in the areas of drug discovery and development and in the future, the combination of pharmaceutical datasets with information technology based AI solutions will lead to new tools and improvements in pharmaceutical fields such as generative chemistry, image segmentation and analysis as well as optimization of cell and gene therapies. However, despite all the advantages of fostering pharmaceutical innovation and improving patient care, this paradigm shift has brought significant legal challenges in various areas of the law, both on a national and international level. While some of these technologies have not materialised yet and some areas are burdened with unrealistic hype and expectations, it cannot be denied that legal and regulatory challenges are already crystalizing
Dynamik, Zeit und Recht : dynamische Rechtsauslegung bei neuen Technologien?
No full textDie Herausforderung für das Recht zeichnet sich in der rechtlichen Begleitung – und Bewältigung – der enormen Dynamik ab, mit welcher sich die zu regulierende Lebenswirklichkeit aufgrund des technologischen Fortschritts sowie neuer Erkenntnisse und Innovationen in den Lebenswissenschaften wandelt. Insbesondere in den hochinnovativen Bereichen der Bio- und Gentechnologie entstehen aufgrund der exponentiellen Zunahme an wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und neuem Wissen neuartige Verfahren und Erzeugnisse. Die hieraus entstehenden wegweisenden Innovationen bieten viele Möglichkeiten, in zunehmendem Masse aber auch neue Herausforderungen, welchen sich das Recht im Hinblick auf seine Normativität – und insbesondere auch im Rahmen des Rechtsschutzes – bereits jetzt schon stellt und in viel grösserem Umfang in Zukunft wird stellen müssen. Einige der Fragen, die sich bereits jetzt abzeichnen, betreffen die Anwendung statischen Rechts auf dynamische Sachverhalte, welche sich seit Erlass der betreffenden Normierung so stark weiterentwickelt haben, dass die rechtliche Ausgestaltung nicht mehr so recht «passt» und «das Recht» mithin vor dem Hintergrund der Dynamik oftmals als «veraltetet» erscheint. Ausgangspunkt der nachfolgenden Betrachtungen bildet daher der Umstand, dass das Recht dem technologischen Fortschritt in den Lebenswissenschaften sehr oft «hinterher hinkt». Da der Gesetzgeber bestimmte technologische Entwicklungen und sich daraus ergebende Innovationen oftmals nicht antizipieren kann, erfasst die Regulierung den zum Zeitpunkt des Gesetzeserlasses bekannten Stand von Wissenschaft und Forschung. Dies ist keine Beobachtung, welche nur die Lebenswissenschaften betrifft, gleichwohl zeichnen sich aufgrund der rasanten technologischen Dynamik gerade in den Bereichen der Bio- und Gentechnologie neue Rechtsfragen ab, die durch die geltenden Normierungen nicht oder nicht hinreichend erfasst werden können. Da das Recht jedoch nicht «auf Vorrat» reguliert, stellt sich die Frage, ob und falls ja, bis zu welchem Umfang, das Recht dieser Dynamik folgen kann
Das Legal Privilege im Europäischen Recht: Überblick über die Rechtslage und die Rechtsprechung der Unionsgerichte
No full textSearch for hadronic resonance in multijet final states with the CDF detector
Full text linkThis thesis describes a search for a new hadronic resonance in 3.2 fb{sup -1} of data using the Collider Detector at Fermilab. The Fermilab Tevatron accelerator collides beams of protons and antiprotons at a center of mass energy of {radical}s = 1.96 TeV. A unique approach is presented to extract multijet resonances from the large QCD background. Although the search is model independent, a pair produced supersymmetric gluino decaying through R-parity violation into three partons each is used to test our sensitivity to new physics. We measure these partons as jets, and require a minimum of six jets in an event. We make use of the kinematic features and correlations and use an ensemble of jet combinations to distinguish signal from multijet QCD backgrounds. Our background estimates also include all-hadronic t{bar t} decays that have a signature similar to signal. We observe no significant excess in an invariant mass range of 77 GeV/c{sup 2} to 240 GeV/c{sup 2} and place 95% C.L. limits on {sigma}(p{bar p} {yields} {tilde g}{tilde g} {yields} 3jets + 3jets) as a function of gluino invariant mass
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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