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The effect of irradiation and elevated temperature on the ripening of cheddar cheese
No full textEnglish: Proteolysis and lipolysis are important biochemical events in the ripening of
cheese to contribute to the development of flavour and texture. The
characteristic proteolysis of each type of cheese is brought about by the
enzymes used in the manufacturing process, e. g. rennet, as well as enzymes
from the specific microbial cultures used in each cheese type. The microbial
and chemical development can be manipulated by external conditions such as
ripening temperature and irradiation. In the current study the effect of
temperature together with irradiation on the ripening of Cheddar cheese was
investigated. Cheddar cheeses were irradiated after 4 days of ripening at
8 °c and 16°C at a dose of 4kGy and ripening continued up to 12 weeks with
unirradiated cheeses ripened at 8 °c and 16°C as controls. In asensorical
comparative study, the cheeses were evaluated as not being different in taste.
There were no significant differences in the free fatty acid content of the cheeses but the irradiated cheeses and cheese ripened at 16°C had higher
TBA-values. The WSNfTotal N (water-soluble nitrogen /total nitrogen) of the
cheese ripened at 8 °c was significantly different than that of the other
cheeses after 2 weeks, but then reached the same levels as the treated
cheeses after 6-12 weeks. The Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
the WISF indicated that the cheese ripened at high temperature matures
faster than the cheese ripened at low temperature for both the unirradiated
and the irradiated cheeses, whereas the irradiated cheeses showed different
peptide development over the same period of ripening. The RP-HPLC of the
cheeses indicated a difference in peptide profiles of the unirradiated and
irradiated cheese ripened at 16°C, and the irradiated cheese ripened at 8 °c
from the unirradiated cheese ripened at 8°C.Afrikaans: Proteolise en lipolise is belangrike biochemiese prosesse in die rypwording
van kaas om by te dra tot die ontwikkeling van geur en tekstuur. Die
karakteristieke proteolise van elke tipe kaas word te weeg gebring deur die
ensieme wat in die verwaardigingsproses gebruik word, bv. rennien, sowel as
die ensieme van die spesifieke mikrobiese kulture wat in elke kaassoort
gebruik word. Die mikrobiologiese en chemiese ontwikkeling kan beheer
word deur eksterne kondisies soos rypingstemperatuur en bestraling. In die
onderhawige studie is die effek van temperatuur tesame met bestraling op die
ryping van Cheddar kaas ondersoek. Cheddar kase is bestraal 4 dae na
ryping by 8 °c en 16°C met 'n dosis van 4kGy en ryping is voortgesit met
onbestraalde kase, wat by 8 °c en 16°C rypgemaak is, as kontroles. In "n
sensoriese vergelykende studie is kase as nie verskillend in smaak evalueer.
Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in die vrye vetsuur inhoud van die kase nie, maar die bestraalde kase en kaas wat by 16°C rypgemaak is, het
hoër TBA-waardes vertoon. Die water-oplosbare stikstof Itotale stikstof van
die kaas wat by 8 °c rypgemaak is, het betekenisvol verskil van dié van die
ander kase na 2 weke, maar het dieselfde vlakke bereik as die behandelde
kase na 6 tot 12 weke. Die Ureum-poliakrielamied gel elektroforese van die
water-onoplosbare fraksie het getoon dat die kaas wat by hoë temperatuur
rypgemaak is, vinniger ryp geword het as dié kaas by lae temperatuur in
beide die bestraalde en onbestraalde kase, terwyl bestraalde kase ander
peptiedontwikkeling oor dieselde rypmakingstyd vertoon het. Die Tru-fase
hoe drukvloeistof chromatografie van die kase het 'n verskil in peptied profiele
aangedui vir die onbestraalde en bestraalde kase wat by 16°C rypgemaak is,
en die bestraalde kaas wat by 8 °c rypgemaak het verskil van die
onbestraalde kaas wat by 8 °c rypgemaak is
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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