1,720,969 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Evaluation de la conscience de soi et de l'environnement chez des patients non répondant
No full textLes lésions graves du système nerveux central peuvent mener le patient à un état non-répondant. Les dernières décennies ont vu des avancées significatives en neuroimagerie, révélant l’existence d’une conscience « cachée » : certains patients peuvent moduler leur activité cérébrale en réponse à des commandes. Parmi les patients non-répondant, la prévalence d’une conscience cachée varie de 10 à 25 %. Une piste potentielle pour restaurer la communication est l’utilisation d’interfaces cerveau-ordinateur (ICM) pour rétablir la communication avec le monde extérieur. Malheureusement, aucune interface de ce type ne s’est encore avérée fiable dans ces situations. De plus, lorsqu’on examine les performances des BCI chez des patients conscients mais complètement paralysés, les résultats sont généralement décevants. Des outils plus simples tels que les eye-trackers ou les systèmes de commande vocale se sont révélés plus efficaces. Pire encore, les BCI sont moins efficaces pour détecter le contrôle volontaire chez ces populations de patients paralysés que chez les sujets sains. Les recherches indiquent que les biomarqueurs électrophysiologiques attentionnels, tels que le P300, sont altérés chez les patients conscients mais gravement paralysés, y compris ceux atteints du syndrome d'enfermement (LIS). Dans cette thèse, je présente d'abord nos résultats d'une interface auditive basée sur l'EEG qui utilise des modulations d'attention volontaires. Alors que 17 sujets sains sur 18 ont réussi à contrôler cette interface, seulement 2 personnes sur 7 atteintes du LIS ont pu l'utiliser en temps réel. J'examine ensuite la littérature relative aux atteintes motrices, l'anatomie fonctionnelle de l'attention et les récentes théories informatiques de l'attention. Cette revue remet en question la notion simpliste selon laquelle la cognition serait complètement préservée en cas de paralysie totale. Plus précisément, je fais l’hypothèse que les processus attentionnels sont probablement altérés en conjonction avec, ou en conséquence des troubles oculomoteurs. Cette hypothèse est en phase avec la théorie prémotrice de l'attention, qui est soutenue par des observations à la fois comportementales et neurophysiologiques. J'émets l'hypothèse que les performances des ICMs pourraient être prédites en fonction du contrôle oculomoteur. Plus généralement, je prône un changement de paradigme dans la recherche clinique sur les ICMs, en soulignant l'importance de prendre en compte la physiopathologie des patients pour mieux interpréter les résultats des ICMs, plutôt que de se focaliser uniquement sur les limitations technologiques. Pour tester cette hypothèse, j'ai conçu et mené une étude clinique multicentrique. J'ai évalué simultanément la qualité oculomotrice et trois paradigmes EEG actifs similaires à ceux utilisés en ICM. De plus, j'ai réalisé une évaluation clinique complète, comprenant des évaluations fonctionnelles et motrices, une échelle neuropsychologique adaptée et une échelle psychologique. J'ai également examiné des dimensions fondamentales qui sont rarement explorées dans la paralysie, telles que la perception de l'espace péripersonnel et l'interoception. L'étude a porté sur 48 patients atteints de paralysie globale, 6 patients non réactifs et 30 sujets contrôles. Le groupe de patients comprenait des individus présentant diverses étiologies : sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA, n = 14), lésion du tronc cérébral (n = 17), lésion de la moelle épinière (n = 15), syndrome de Guillain-Barré (n = 2) et lésion cérébrale (n = 5). Je présente les principaux résultats préliminaires, qui montrent que les patients atteints de paralysie globale ont généralement de faibles résultats sur ces paradigmes actifs. Je mets en évidence divers facteurs qui sont en corrélation avec les performances des ICMs. Enfin, je discute de nouvelles approches pour améliorer le développement des ICMs pour ces patients.Severe central nervous system lesions can result in an unresponsive state. While these patients typically exhibit only a few automatic reactions to their environment, their underlying conditions are diverse. Recent decades have seen significant advances in neuroimaging, revealing the existence of covert awareness: some patients can modulate their brain activity in response to commands. Among unresponsive patients, the prevalence of covert awareness ranges from 10% to 25%. During the acute phase, patients with covert awareness tend to regain some motor response to commands more quickly than others. However, for patients in the chronic phase, treatment options remain limited. One potential avenue is the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to restore communication with the outside world. Unfortunately, no such interface has yet proven reliable in these situations. Moreover, when examining the performance of BCI with conscious but fully paralyzed patients, the results are generally disappointing. Low-tech tools such as eye-trackers or voice control systems have proven more effective. Furthermore, BCIs are less effective at detecting voluntary control in these paralyzed patient populations compared to healthy subjects. Research indicates that attentional electrophysiological biomarkers, such as the P300, are impaired in conscious but severely paralyzed patients, including those with locked-in syndrome (LIS). In this thesis, I initially present our findings from an auditory EEG-based interface that utilizes voluntary attention modulations. While 17 out of 18 healthy subjects successfully controlled this interface, only 2 out of 7 individuals with LIS could operate it in real-time. I then examine literature pertaining to motor impairments, the functional anatomy of attention, and recent computational theories of attention. This review challenges the simplistic notion that cognition remains entirely intact in cases of total paralysis. Specifically, I propose that attentional processes are likely altered in conjunction with, or as a result of, motor disorders. This hypothesis aligns with the premotor theory of attention, which is supported by both behavioural and neurophysiological evidence. I discuss how this perspective is further reinforced by theories of the brain functions that closely link perception and action. Notably, there is a significant overlap between oculomotor and attentional networks. I hypothesize that BCI performance could be predicted based on oculomotor control. More broadly, I advocate for a paradigm shift in clinical BCI research, emphasizing the importance of considering patients' physiopathology to better interpret BCI results, rather than focusing solely on technological limitations. To test this hypothesis, I designed and conducted a multicentre clinical study in the second part of this thesis. Therefore, I simultaneously evaluated oculomotor quality and three active EEG paradigms similar to those used in BCI. Additionally, I administered a comprehensive clinical assessment, including functional and motor evaluations, an adapted neuropsychological scale, and a psychological scale. I also examined fundamental dimensions that are rarely explored in paralysis, such as peri-personal space perception and interoception. The study involved 48 patients with global paralysis, 6 non-responsive patients, and 30 healthy controls. The patient group comprised individuals with various conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, n=14), brainstem injury (n=17), spinal cord injury (n=15), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n=2), and brain injury (n=5). I present the key preliminary findings, which show that patients with global paralysis generally perform poorly on these active paradigms. I highlight various factors that correlate with BCI performance. Finally, I discuss new approaches to improve BCI development for these patients
Assessment of self-consciousness and environmental consciousness in non-responsive patients: Detecting complete-locked-in syndrome wit brain-computer interfaces
No full textSevere central nervous system lesions can result in an unresponsive state. While these patients typically exhibit only a few automatic reactions to their environment, their underlying conditions are diverse. Recent decades have seen significant advances in neuroimaging, revealing the existence of covert awareness: some patients can modulate their brain activity in response to commands. Among unresponsive patients, the prevalence of covert awareness ranges from 10% to 25%. During the acute phase, patients with covert awareness tend to regain some motor response to commands more quickly than others. However, for patients in the chronic phase, treatment options remain limited. One potential avenue is the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to restore communication with the outside world. Unfortunately, no such interface has yet proven reliable in these situations. Moreover, when examining the performance of BCI with conscious but fully paralyzed patients, the results are generally disappointing. Low-tech tools such as eye-trackers or voice control systems have proven more effective. Furthermore, BCIs are less effective at detecting voluntary control in these paralyzed patient populations compared to healthy subjects. Research indicates that attentional electrophysiological biomarkers, such as the P300, are impaired in conscious but severely paralyzed patients, including those with locked-in syndrome (LIS). In this thesis, I initially present our findings from an auditory EEG-based interface that utilizes voluntary attention modulations. While 17 out of 18 healthy subjects successfully controlled this interface, only 2 out of 7 individuals with LIS could operate it in real-time. I then examine literature pertaining to motor impairments, the functional anatomy of attention, and recent computational theories of attention. This review challenges the simplistic notion that cognition remains entirely intact in cases of total paralysis. Specifically, I propose that attentional processes are likely altered in conjunction with, or as a result of, motor disorders. This hypothesis aligns with the premotor theory of attention, which is supported by both behavioural and neurophysiological evidence. I discuss how this perspective is further reinforced by theories of the brain functions that closely link perception and action. Notably, there is a significant overlap between oculomotor and attentional networks. I hypothesize that BCI performance could be predicted based on oculomotor control. More broadly, I advocate for a paradigm shift in clinical BCI research, emphasizing the importance of considering patients' physiopathology to better interpret BCI results, rather than focusing solely on technological limitations. To test this hypothesis, I designed and conducted a multicentre clinical study in the second part of this thesis. Therefore, I simultaneously evaluated oculomotor quality and three active EEG paradigms similar to those used in BCI. Additionally, I administered a comprehensive clinical assessment, including functional and motor evaluations, an adapted neuropsychological scale, and a psychological scale. I also examined fundamental dimensions that are rarely explored in paralysis, such as peri-personal space perception and interoception. The study involved 48 patients with global paralysis, 6 non-responsive patients, and 30 healthy controls. The patient group comprised individuals with various conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, n=14), brainstem injury (n=17), spinal cord injury (n=15), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n=2), and brain injury (n=5). I present the key preliminary findings, which show that patients with global paralysis generally perform poorly on these active paradigms. I highlight various factors that correlate with BCI performance. Finally, I discuss new approaches to improve BCI development for these patients.Les lésions graves du système nerveux central peuvent mener le patient à un état non-répondant. Les dernières décennies ont vu des avancées significatives en neuroimagerie, révélant l’existence d’une conscience « cachée » : certains patients peuvent moduler leur activité cérébrale en réponse à des commandes. Parmi les patients non-répondant, la prévalence d’une conscience cachée varie de 10 à 25 %. Une piste potentielle pour restaurer la communication est l’utilisation d’interfaces cerveau-ordinateur (ICM) pour rétablir la communication avec le monde extérieur. Malheureusement, aucune interface de ce type ne s’est encore avérée fiable dans ces situations. De plus, lorsqu’on examine les performances des BCI chez des patients conscients mais complètement paralysés, les résultats sont généralement décevants. Des outils plus simples tels que les eye-trackers ou les systèmes de commande vocale se sont révélés plus efficaces. Pire encore, les BCI sont moins efficaces pour détecter le contrôle volontaire chez ces populations de patients paralysés que chez les sujets sains. Les recherches indiquent que les biomarqueurs électrophysiologiques attentionnels, tels que le P300, sont altérés chez les patients conscients mais gravement paralysés, y compris ceux atteints du syndrome d'enfermement (LIS). Dans cette thèse, je présente d'abord nos résultats d'une interface auditive basée sur l'EEG qui utilise des modulations d'attention volontaires. Alors que 17 sujets sains sur 18 ont réussi à contrôler cette interface, seulement 2 personnes sur 7 atteintes du LIS ont pu l'utiliser en temps réel. J'examine ensuite la littérature relative aux atteintes motrices, l'anatomie fonctionnelle de l'attention et les récentes théories informatiques de l'attention. Cette revue remet en question la notion simpliste selon laquelle la cognition serait complètement préservée en cas de paralysie totale. Plus précisément, je fais l’hypothèse que les processus attentionnels sont probablement altérés en conjonction avec, ou en conséquence des troubles oculomoteurs. Cette hypothèse est en phase avec la théorie prémotrice de l'attention, qui est soutenue par des observations à la fois comportementales et neurophysiologiques. J'émets l'hypothèse que les performances des ICMs pourraient être prédites en fonction du contrôle oculomoteur. Plus généralement, je prône un changement de paradigme dans la recherche clinique sur les ICMs, en soulignant l'importance de prendre en compte la physiopathologie des patients pour mieux interpréter les résultats des ICMs, plutôt que de se focaliser uniquement sur les limitations technologiques. Pour tester cette hypothèse, j'ai conçu et mené une étude clinique multicentrique. J'ai évalué simultanément la qualité oculomotrice et trois paradigmes EEG actifs similaires à ceux utilisés en ICM. De plus, j'ai réalisé une évaluation clinique complète, comprenant des évaluations fonctionnelles et motrices, une échelle neuropsychologique adaptée et une échelle psychologique. J'ai également examiné des dimensions fondamentales qui sont rarement explorées dans la paralysie, telles que la perception de l'espace péripersonnel et l'interoception. L'étude a porté sur 48 patients atteints de paralysie globale, 6 patients non réactifs et 30 sujets contrôles. Le groupe de patients comprenait des individus présentant diverses étiologies : sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA, n = 14), lésion du tronc cérébral (n = 17), lésion de la moelle épinière (n = 15), syndrome de Guillain-Barré (n = 2) et lésion cérébrale (n = 5). Je présente les principaux résultats préliminaires, qui montrent que les patients atteints de paralysie globale ont généralement de faibles résultats sur ces paradigmes actifs. Je mets en évidence divers facteurs qui sont en corrélation avec les performances des ICMs. Enfin, je discute de nouvelles approches pour améliorer le développement des ICMs pour ces patients
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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