957 research outputs found
Genetic differentiation of chum salmon in Alaska influenced by glacial history
No full textThesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2012One major goal of fisheries management is to ensure the sustainable harvest of wild populations so that productivity is stable over time. Information on population structure is necessary for effective fishery management because it helps describe the appropriate spatial scale for management units, and can identify populations that are small or isolated and need protection from overharvest. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is a species targeted by both commercial and subsistence fisheries. Estimating fine-scale population structure of chum salmon in Alaska is of increasing concern because of fluctuating census sizes, and the uncertain effects of bycatch on specific populations.In this study we examined the genetic structure of 66 chum salmon populations spawning in waterways on the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island. This area was covered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet 25,000 years before present, and spawning habitats were unavailable for salmon at this time. Thus, colonization of the region by salmon occurred relatively recently. We found that chum salmon populations on the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island contain considerable genetic diversity for the species. Patterns of differentiation appear to be influenced by the geographic distance separating populations, glacial history of the region, and time since colonization. The fine-scale genetic data that we have assembled will be useful to fisheries managers as they continue to evaluate the impacts of bycatch and monitor the long-term productivity of chum salmon populations
Hatcheries, phenology, and families: Juvenile steelhead ecology in Forks Creek, Washington
No full textThesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2014Juvenile ecology can affect subsequent population dynamics. This work focuses on two aspects of juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ecology: 1) tradeoffs between naturally-spawned hatchery and wild fish, and 2) the distribution of family groups on the landscape. In Chapter 1, we compared abundance, body condition, and geographic distribution of steelhead fry in a system where hatchery-origin steelhead have been bred to spawn about four months earlier than wild-origin fish. We assigned naturally-spawned steelhead fry to hatchery, wild, or hybrid lineages using a panel of 96 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The observed mixture proportions were 0.005 hatchery-, 0.313 hybrid-, and 0.682 wild-lineage fish. We hypothesized that the low abundance of pure hatchery-lineage fry may be due to a mismatch between the timing of breeding by the parents and suitable river conditions, resulting in low survival and physical displacement from the system. The second chapter focuses on the capacity for kin selection in juvenile steelhead. Laboratory work has established the capacity for kin-biased behavior, but field studies have been less conclusive regarding whether juvenile salmonids have the opportunity to interact with siblings in the wild. Here, we tested the null hypothesis that siblings are distributed randomly across the landscape. Pedigree analysis was performed in COLONY2 to identify full-sibling groups. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that individuals less than 1 km apart were more genetically similar than expected by chance. Siblings were generally too far apart to interact, but not exclusively: in 18 out of 53 large family groups containing 5 or more individuals, the median distance between individuals was 0 m. We conclude that juvenile dispersal is prominent during the first four months after emergence. We suggest that future research focus more on the conditions and characteristics of siblings that do aggregate versus those that disperse over large or short distances
Using genetic tools to inform management and study local adaptation in Pacific salmon
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015Genetic analysis represents a powerful tool for informing management and studying adaptation in wild populations. For example, genetic tools can be used to delineate conservation units, assign individuals of unknown ancestry back to their populations of origin, and identify genes that are important for local adaptation. The overall goal of my thesis was to apply genetic tools to improve population-specific management and identify the genetic basis of local adaptation in Pacific salmon. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) return to their natal spawning habitats with high fidelity, promoting the formation of distinct populations that are highly adapted to their local environment. Pacific salmon are also an extremely important economic, cultural, and subsistence resource. These characteristics make Pacific salmon ideal candidates for population-specific management and facilitate the study of local adaptation. My dissertation consists of six chapters divided into two major themes. The first three chapters focus on applied research questions aimed at developing and utilizing genetic tools to improve management of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and the last three chapters focus on understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In chapter one, we used an existing genetic baseline to elucidate the migration patterns of Chinook salmon in the marine environment. Chapters two and three explored the use of genomics in a management context, applying data from thousands of genetic markers to develop novel resources that will aid in the conservation of Chinook salmon from western Alaska. For chapter four, we investigated patterns of selection at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in populations of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin in southwestern Alaska. In chapter five, we constructed a genetic linkage map and conducted QTL analysis in five families of sockeye salmon. Finally, in chapter six we merged the linkage map with population data to study the genomic basis of adaptive divergence among three ecotypes of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin. Taken together, these studies highlight the utility of genetic tools, especially genomics, for improving management and studying local adaptation in Pacific salmon
Low allozyme heterozygosity in North Pacific and Bering Sea populations of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): adaptive specialization, population bottleneck, or metapopulation structure?
No full textAbstractGrant, W. S., Merkouris, S. E., Kruse, G. H., and Seeb, L. W. 2011. Low allozyme heterozygosity in North Pacific and Bering Sea populations of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): adaptive specialization, population bottleneck, or metapopulation structure? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Populations of red king crab in the North Pacific and Bering Sea have declined in response to ocean-climate shifts and to harvesting. An understanding of how populations are geographically structured is important to the management of these depressed resources. Here, the Mendelian variability at 38 enzyme-encoding loci was surveyed in 27 samples (n = 2427) from 18 general locations. Sample heterozygosities were low, averaging HE = 0.015 among samples. Weak genetic structure was detected among three groups of populations, the Bering Sea, central Gulf of Alaska, and Southeast Alaska, but without significant isolation by distance among populations. A sample from Adak Island in the western Aleutians was genetically different from the remaining samples. The lack of differentiation among populations within regions may, in part, be due to post-glacial expansions and a lack of migration-drift equilibrium and to limited statistical power imposed by low levels of polymorphism. Departures from neutrality may reflect the effects of both selective and historical factors. The low allozyme diversity in red king crab may, in part, be attributable to adaptive specialization, background selection, ice-age population bottlenecks, or metapopulation dynamics in a climatically unstable North Pacific.</jats:p
Combined_Invalidated_SEGEG65
No full textGenotypic data from historical sockeye salmon scales representing harvests occurring in the Egegik Fishing District in Bristol Bay, AK in 1965. SNP genotypes were generated with Taqman Assays in Fluidigm 96.96 Dynamic Arrays that were read on a Fluidigm Biomark instrument
Combined_Invalidated_SEGEG93
No full textGenotypic data from historical sockeye salmon scales representing harvests occurring in the Egegik Fishing District in Bristol Bay, AK in 1993. SNP genotypes were generated with Taqman Assays in Fluidigm 96.96 Dynamic Arrays that were read on a Fluidigm Biomark instrument
Mona Lisa – Arts Icon – (Pop) Culture Icon. The Problem of an Artwork Against “the Phenomenon of Fullness” by José Ortega y Gasset
No full textThe author adopts the theoretical ideas of a Spanish social philosopher José Ortega y Gasset to analyse the contemporary processes that occur between the artistic culture and the massified everyday life. Referring to the category of “the phenomenon of the fullness”, outlined in a book The Revolt of the Masses, she describes a variety of social reactions to one of the most famous works of art – the portrait of the Gioconda by Leonardo da Vinci. The events of the last hundred years (from a theft in 1911, to two foreign travels, to the appearance in Dan Brown’s bestseller The Da Vinci Code) have made the artwork not only an icon of the artistic world, but, above all, a star of the mass culture. The museum space where Giaconda is displayed is regularly filled with crowds. For many, a selfie in front of the painting is a must-have souvenir from a trip to Paris. At the same time, the Gioconda is a heroine of Internet memes and decorative imprints on mugs, T-shirts, or bags. 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Genetic signals of artificial and natural dispersal linked to colonization of South America by non-native Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>)
Get PDFGenetics data have provided unprecedented insights into evolutionary aspects of colonization by non-native populations. Yet, our understanding of how artificial (human-mediated) and natural dispersal pathways of non-native individuals influence genetic metrics, evolution of genetic structure, and admixture remains elusive. We capitalize on the widespread colonization of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in South America, mediated by both dispersal pathways, to address these issues using data from a panel of polymorphic SNPs. First, genetic diversity and the number of effective breeders (Nb) were higher among artificial than natural populations. Contemporary gene flow was common between adjacent artificial and natural and adjacent natural populations, but uncommon between geographically distant populations. Second, genetic structure revealed four distinct clusters throughout the Chinook salmon distributional range with varying levels of genetic connectivity. Isolation by distance resulted from weak differentiation between adjacent artificial and natural and between natural populations, with strong differentiation between distant Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean populations, which experienced strong genetic drift. Third, genetic mixture analyses revealed the presence of at least six donor geographic regions from North America, some of which likely hybridized as a result of multiple introductions. Relative propagule pressure or the proportion of Chinook salmon propagules introduced from various geographic regions according to government records significantly influenced genetic mixtures for two of three artificial populations. Our findings support a model of colonization in which high-diversity artificial populations established first; some of these populations exhibited significant admixture resulting from propagule pressure. Low-diversity natural populations were likely subsequently founded from a reduced number of individuals.Fil: Gomez Uchida, Daniel. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; Chile. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Cañas Rojas, Diego. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; Chile. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Riva Rossi, Carla Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Ciancio Blanc, Javier Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Pascual, Miguel Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; ArgentinaFil: Ernst, Billy. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; ChileFil: Aedo, Eduardo. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Musleh, Selim S.. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; ChileFil: Valenzuela Aguayo, Francisca. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Quinn, Thomas P.. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; Chile. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Seeb, James E.. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; Chile. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Seeb, Lisa W.. Núcleo Milenio Invasal; Chile. University of Washington; Estados Unido
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