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Figure 13 in The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)
No full textFigure 13. Polypheretima puertoprincesaensis sp. nov. (a) External ventral view. (b) Internal dorsal view. (c) Spermathecae. Abbreviations: fp, female pores; gm, genital markings; mp, male pores; p, prostate gland; s, spermathecae; sp, spermathecal pores; sv, seminal vesicles.Published as part of Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11-12) on page 769, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, http://zenodo.org/record/546379
Pheretima Kinberg 1867
No full textGenus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 Type species Pheretima montana, 1867 Generic diagnosis Body circular in cross section, with numerous setae regularly arranged equatorially around each segment; setae absent on first and last segments. Male pores paired within copulatory bursae opening on segment xviii; one or more pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows between 4/5 and 8/9. Clitellum annular, covering three segments (xiv–xvi). Single midventral female pore on xiv. Genital markings usually absent. Internally, oesophageal gizzard usually originating in viii; a pair of caeca originating in xxvii, extending forward. Ovaries and funnels free in xiii. Male sexual system holandric, with paired testes and funnels enclosed in sacs in x and xi, and seminal vesicles in xi and xii. Spermathecae one pair, multiple pairs, sometimes single and located midventrally, or sometimes lacking. Nephridia present on spermathecal duct(s). One pair of prostate glands, racemose. Copulatory bursae present; secretory diverticula lacking on coelomic surface of copulatory bursae.Published as part of Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12) on pages 738-739, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, http://zenodo.org/record/546379
Polypheretima Michaelsen 1934
No full textGenus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 Type species Perichaeta stelleri Michaelsen, 1892. Generic diagnosis Body cylindrical; setal arrangement perichaetine; annular clitellum covering segments xiv–xvi; pair of male pores in xviii on circular porophores that may be within copulatory bursae; ventral genital markings present or absent; oesophageal gizzard in viii; intestine begins in xv or xvi; nephridia on spermathecal ducts lacking; caeca lacking; male sexual system usually holandric, with testes and funnels enclosed in paired sacs in x and xi; seminal vesicles in xi and xii; spermathecal pores small, spermathecal diverticula simple and usually ectal in origin; prostates racemose; copulatory bursae may or may not be present; ovaries free in xiii; oviducts lead to single or closely paired opening (Easton 1979).Published as part of Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12) on page 759, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, http://zenodo.org/record/546379
Amynthas Kinberg 1867
No full textGenus Amynthas Kinberg 1867 Type species Amynthas aeruginosus, Kinberg 1867. Generic diagnosis Body circular in cross section, with numerous setae regularly arranged equatorially around each segment; setae absent on first and last segments. Male pores paired and superficial, opening on xviii. Spermathecal pores small or large, usually paired (bithecate) but occasionally numerous (polythecate) or single (monothecate). Spermathecal pores positioned either intersegmentally or intrasegmentally between 4/5 and 8/9. Clitellum annular, covering three segments from xiv to xvi. Single female pore midventrally on xiv. Genital markings present or absent. If genital markings present, variable in number and forming complex pattern on segments near male pores. Oesophageal gizzard usually originating in viii; oesophageal bursae lacking; pair of caeca originating in xxvii, extending forward. Ovaries and funnels free in xiii. Male sexual system holandric, metandric or proandric. Spermathecae a single pair or multiple pairs, sometimes single and located midventrally, or sometimes lacking. Nephridia on spermathecal duct lacking. One pair of prostate glands, racemose. Copulatory bursae lacking.Published as part of Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12) on page 777, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, http://zenodo.org/record/546379
Polypheretima everetti Beddard and Fedarb 1895
No full text<i>Polypheretima everetti</i> Beddard and Fedarb, 1895 <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p>Large worm with adult body length up to 300 mm, diameter up to 12 mm; with up to 260 segments. Live worm reddish purple. Spermathecal batteries in 5/6/7. Setae numerous (up to 130 per segment). Male openings 0.25 circumference apart ventrally, 16 setae between male pores. Genital markings paired, presetal in line with male pores in some or all of xix–xxi, xxii, xxiii. Each spermathecal battery in vi and vii usually with 6–12 spermathecae. Male system holandric.</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p> <i>Polypheretima everetti</i> belongs to the <i>Po. elongata</i> Perrier, 1872 species group of Easton (1979), characterised by having a pair of genital markings on xix, successive segments in line with the male pores, paired batteries of up to 28 spermathecae in vi and/or vii, and shallow copulatory bursae with no stalked glands. The type locality of <i>Po. everetti</i> is Balabac Island, Palawan, Philippines. This species is also distributed in Sulawesi and Lombok, Indonesia, and in Borneo including Mt Kinabalu (Blakemore et al. 2007).</p>Published as part of <i>Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12)</i> on page 759, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5463798">http://zenodo.org/record/5463798</a>
Pontoscolex corethrurus Muller 1857
No full text<i>Pontoscolex corethrurus</i> Müller, 1857 <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p>Length 50–95 mm. Width 3–4 mm. Body unpigmented, no dorsal pores. Clitellum bright yellow to light orange from segment 14 or 15–22, with thickened ridge on the ventral clitellum margin. Genital pores very small or absent. Setae single-pointed, lumbricine in arrangement, with eight setae per segment, setal arrangement in the anterior part arranged in eight regular rows; setae after the clitellum to the posterior part arranged in offset pattern. Internally, a large gizzard is found in vi. Intestine is enlarged in segment xv. Intestinal caecum absent. Three pairs of calciferous glands, positioned dorsolaterally in vii, viii and ix. Hearts greatly enlarged in x and xi. Nephridial batteries are paired in iv and v. Pair of testis sacs located in xii extending to xi and a pair of seminal vesicles located in xiii. Three small pairs of spermathecae with slender ducts, small ampulla, with no diverticulum in vii–ix. Prostate glands and ovaries absent. Nephridia on spermathecal ducts absent.</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>This pantropical species is reported to have originated from Brazil and is invasive in areas affected by anthropogenic activities. It is commonly found in agricultural and grasslands in the lowlands and is known to reproduce parthenogenetically, faster than any species that reproduces sexually.</p>Published as part of <i>Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12)</i> on pages 737-738, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5463798">http://zenodo.org/record/5463798</a>
Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg 1867
No full text<i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i> Kinberg 1867 <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p>Body length 90–185 mm, tapering posteriorly, becoming thinly flattened at terminal end. Width 4–8 mm. Segments 161–211. Red-brown dorsum fading posteriorly; anterior with bright blue/green iridescent sheen from cuticle diffraction, ventrum beige, clitellum darker (sometimes lighter) than surroundings. Prostosmium small, open epilobous. Dorsal pores, absent. Eight setae per segment from segment 2, closely paired. Clitellum covers segments 13, 14, 15–18, usually 13, 14–18, and interrupted ventrally. Male pores in 17 on tips of longitudinally grooved, tapering, eversible penis in large ventral chambers. Female pores combined with modified ‘spermathecal pores’, lateral, presetal in 14 as raised intrasegmental openings. Genital markings on 17 between male pores, faintly repeated in 18. Weakly muscular gizzard in v. Calciferous glands in x and xi. Intestine originates in or around xiv. Caeca absent. Male organs holandric with two large, unpaired sacs seen ventrally in x and xi, each contains a testis anteriorly and funnels posteriorly. Large pair of digitiform euprostates, with white muscular sheen from xviii extending to xxiii; acutely muscular enlargements of loop of paired sperm ducts which attach to apex of copulatory bursae mound centrally.</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>This species is popularly known as the African nightcrawler, native to tropical West Africa and now widespread in warm regions. Being highy adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and able to grow and reproduce fast (through parthenogenesis), this species is popularly used in vermicomposting in countries including the Philippines and India. The Western Philippines University in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, has been culturing the African nightcrawler for agricultural purposes.</p>Published as part of <i>Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12)</i> on page 738, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5463798">http://zenodo.org/record/5463798</a>
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Metaphire santalourdesensis Aspe & Manasan & Manlavi & Patiluna & Sebido & Obusan & Simbahan & James 2021, sp. nov.
No full textMetaphire santalourdesensis sp. nov. (Figure 19) Material examined Holotype: adult (WPU-A024), Brgy. Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa City (9.816°N, 118.733°E), 17 m asl, Palawan Province, Philippines, coll. E. Manasan, A. Manlavi, 3 April 2019. Paratypes: two adults (WPU-A 025), same collection data as for holotype. Etymology The species is named after Brgy. Sta. Lourdes in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, where the species was collected. Diagnosis Brown worm with adult length 101–113 mm, diameter 4–5.1 mm; 82–116 segments; three pairs of spermathecal pores at 5/6/7/8; 50–61 setae on vii, 59–66 setae on xx; 5–6 setae between male pores; spermathecal pores 0.19 circumference apart ventrally; male openings 0.13–0.16 circumference apart ventrally; pair of wrinkled genital markings on 17/18 and on 18 below the setal line aligned with the male openings; prostates in xvii–xx. Description Brown dorsal, equators unpigmented. Length 101–113 mm (n = 3 adults); diameter 4.8–5.1 mm at x, 4–5 mm at xx; body circular, 82–116 segments. First dorsal pore at 12/ 13, three pairs of spermathecal pores at 5/6/7/8, spermathecal pores 3.1 mm (0.19 circumference apart ventrally. Female pore single in xiv, openings of copulatory bursae paired in xvii, distance between openings 2–2.1 mm (0.13–0.16 circumference apart ventrally), 5–6 setae between male pore openings; male pores located deeply inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Clitellum annular, from xiv to xvi. Setae 50–61 on vii, 59–66 on xx, dorsal setal gaps absent, ventral setal gaps present. Pair of wrinkled genital markings on 17/18 and on 18 below the setal line aligned with the male openings. Septa 5/6–7/8 and 10/11–13/14 thin, 8/9/10 lacking. Dense tufts of nephridia on anterior faces of 5/6 and 6/7; nephridia in intestinal segments located mainly on body near septum/body wall junction. Gizzard in viii–x, oesophagus with low vertical lamellae in x–xiii, intestinal origin in xiv; caeca simple, originating in xxvii, extending forward to xxiv. Hearts in x–xiii, oesophageal; commissural vessels in vi, vii and ix lateral. Ovaries and funnels free in xiii. Spermathecae three pairs postseptal in vi, vii, viii, no nephridia on ducts. Each spermatheca with pyriform ampulla; slender, bulbous, muscular duct; single stalked diverticulum attached to the ectal portion of the duct of the spermatheca; stalk slender, terminating in ovate receptacle. Male sexual system holandric; testes and funnels enclosed in paired sacs in x, xi; seminal vesicles from x to xii, each with digitate dorsal lobe; vesicles of xi enclosed in testes sac; vasa deferentia slender, free from body wall on way to ental end of prostatic ducts; prostates in xvii–xx; each prostate a single, dense, racemose mass; prostatic duct directed to the body wall; copulatory bursae not prominent; round genital marking glands present in xvii and xix–xx. Remarks Metaphire santalourdensis sp. nov. belongs to the Me. merabahensis group of Sims and Easton (1972), characterised by having three pairs of spermathecal pores at 5/6–7/8. Sims and Easton (1972) listed Me. merabahensis Beddard and Fedarb, 1895, Me. thecodorsata Chen, 1933, Me. inclara Gates, 1932, Me. maculosa Hatai, 1930, Me. koryoensis Kobayashi, 1936, Me. yezoensis Kobayashi, 1938 and Me. duliti Ude, 1925 as members of this group. Here, we argue for the inclusion of Me. thecodorsata in this species group as its spermathecal pores are positioned intrasegmentally on v, vi and vii below the setal equators and close to the intersegments, and not on the intersegments of 5/6–7/8. The new species is relatively similar to Me. maculosa in size. However, Me. maculosa has no genital markings and has more setae between male pores (12–16), and its body surface presents a spotted appearance that is unique to the species. The other species are either larger (204 × 4 mm for Me. merabahensis; 190 × 7 mm for Me. yezoensis; 160 × 12 mm for Me. koryoensis; and 211 × 6 mm for Me. inclara) or smaller (30 × 2 for Me. duliti), have more or fewer setae on vii and xx (76 and 82, respectively, in Me. koryoensis; 30 and 125, respectively, in Me. inclara; and 30 and 34, respectively, in Me. duliti), have no genital markings, and have spermathecae of different shapes. In addition, Me. yezoensis has more space between spermathecal pores (0.2) and between male pores (0.29), and Me. merabahensis has significantly more segments (146), compared with the new species. Metaphire santalourdensis sp. nov. is being tested, together with Po. jenniferae sp. nov. and Po. puertoprincesaensis sp. nov., at the Western Philippines University for its potential as a vermicompost commodity, as it has been found to have relatively high survival rate compared with the other indigenous species of Palawan. Like Po. jenniferae sp. nov. and Po. puertoprincesaensis sp. nov., the microbiota and the enzymatic activities in Me. santalourdensis ’ gut are also currently being tested at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City, for its potential to degrade the plastic in disposable diapers.Published as part of Aspe, Nonillon M., Manasan, Rafael Ethan, Manlavi, Albert B., Patiluna, Ma. Lotus E., Sebido, Maria Asela B., Obusan, Marie Christine M., Simbahan, Jessica F. & James, Samuel W., 2021, The earthworm fauna of Palawan, Philippines with description of nineteen new pheretimoid species (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 733-797 in Journal of Natural History 55 (11 - 12) on pages 782-784, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923849, http://zenodo.org/record/546379
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