2,108 research outputs found
Letter from Senator W. Kerr Scott to W. T. Johnson
No full textLetter from Senator W. Kerr Scott to W. T. Johnson, sending in statement for dedication of S. B. Simmons camp
Scott McConnell and Mr. Kerr receiving lot petition
No full textScott McConnell and Mr. Kerr receiving lot petition.https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/specialcollections_wdsmithphotography/2322/thumbnail.jp
Phthinia neptunei Fitzgerald & Kerr, n. sp.
No full textPhthinia neptunei Fitzgerald & Kerr n. sp. Figs. 30 –38 Type material. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 30), complete specimen, point-mounted [specimen # 12 K 570; CSCA], USA: CA: Tulare Co.: Whitaker Forest, E. Eshom Crk. Drainage, nr. tree# 142, 36.7062 ºN, - 118.9319 ºW, 1650 masl, YPT, 3.vi– 16.vii. 2010 P. H. Kerr, CSCA 10 L 258. Paratypes: ♂ [SEMC], AK: No. 23, 22 mi. N. Seward, Kenai Peninsula, 1 July 1957, G.W. Byers; ♂ [CNCI], USA: AK: Seward, 26 VI– 18 VII 84, S. & J. Peck, Populus –Picea; ♂ [07Z 135; CSCA], USA: CA: Amador Co.: Indian Grinding Rock St. Pk., dry wash nr. S. Nature trail, MT#2, 38º 25 ’ N, 120 º 38 ’ W’, 715 masl, 10–29.vi. 2007 P. Kerr & M. Hauser, 07LOT 315; 4 ♂♂, ♀ [12 K 573 – 12 K575, 12K581, 12K 583; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Prairie Creek SP, Cal Barrel Rd., appx. 41.3830 ºN, 123.9985 ºW, 275 masl, 2.vi– 25.vii. 2009 P. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L 521; ♂ [09E043; CASC], ♀ [12 K 569; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Patrick’s Point SP, redwood grove behind visitor center, 41 º08.11’N 124 º09.28’W, ~ 10 masl, 10.iv– 18.viii. 2008, P.Kerr, P.A. Nelson, CSCA 09L 117; ♂ [12 K 572; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Humboldt Bay NWR, Lanphere Dunes, MT# 3 (6m), ~ 6 masl, 40 º 53.421 ’N 124 º08.601’W, 10.iv– 18.viii. 2008 P. H. Kerr, P. Haggard, CSCA 09L 107; ♂ [12 K 712; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Humboldt Bay NWR, Lanphere Dunes, MT# 1 (6m), ~ 6 masl, 40 º 53.488 ’N 124 º08.580’W, 28.ix– 2.xi. 2007 P. H. Kerr, P. Haggard, 07LOT 636; ♂ [12 K 571; CSCA], USA: CA: Tulare Co., same as holotype; ♂, in alcohol [12 J 529; CSCA], USA: CA: Marin: Pt. Reyes NS, Mt Vision Rd, 1.8mi E SF Drake Blvd, 6m MT, 38.1013 ºN, - 122.8878 ºW, 280 masl, P. H. Kerr & C. J. Borkent, 13.iii– 1.v. 2012, CSCA 12 L023; ♂ [14 P027; CSCA] USA: CA: Sonoma Co., Annadel SP, 0.9mi from park lot, ravine near Warren Richardson trail, 38 º 26.11 ’N 122 º 36.67 ’W, 220 masl, 6m MT, 16.iii– 5.v. 2010 P. Kerr, CSCA 10 L011; ♂ [SFC], Benton Co., OR, Mary’s Peak, Hwy 30 @ Hwy 34, picnic area, 27 Sept. 2009, S. & G. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], Benton Co., OR, Sulphur Springs, 6 Oct. 2009, S. &. G. Fitzgerald; ♂, ♀ [SFC], Multnomah Co., OR, 7 Sept. 2012, creek off E. Historic Columbia R. Hwy 1 mi. E. jct. 84 (exit 28), S.J. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], Benton Co., OR, 3 Oct. 2012, Alsea Falls area, Fall Creek jct. trail 6, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [000015910; OSAC], Seattle, O.B.J.; ♀ [SFC], USA: OR: Benton Co., McDonald –Dunn Forest, Oak Creek bank, sweeping, 44.6041 ºN, - 123.3335 ºW, 1 Oct. 2012, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Benton Co., Corvallis, Lewisburg Saddle, Old Growth trail, sweeping woods and creek, 44.6423 ºN, - 123.2891 ºW, 23 April 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Lane Co., Alderwood State Park off Hwy 36, sweep woods, 44.1541 ºN, - 123.4242 ºW, 18 May 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Benton Co., Mary’s Peak, upper Parker Creek nr. campground, 44.5087 ºN, - 123.5583 ºW, 1 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [ISUI], USA: OR: Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood Nat. For., Sandy R./Ramona Falls trailhead, ~ 45.3844 ºN, - 121.8332 ºW, 15 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [USNM], USA: OR: Benton Co., Corvallis, 1460 SW Allen St., 44.5509 ºN, - 123.2700ºW, 3 March 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [OSAC #0000770507], same as previous record except 9 April 2013; ♂ [SFC], same as previous record except 6 April 2013, barn window; ♂ [OSAC #0000770506], same as previous record except 29 March 2013, barn window; ♂ [SFC], same as previous record except 1 April 2013, barn window; ♂ [USNM], same as previous record except 31 March, 2013, barn window; ♂ [ISUI], same as previous record except 25 March 2013, barn window; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Klamath Co., Deschutes Nat. For., woods N. of Meek Lake, 29–31 Aug. 2013, 43.4652, - 122.0860, sweeping, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: WA: Lewis Co., Tatoosh Range, FR 5270 ~mi. 5.6, woods and mossy rocks along Butler Creek, ~ 46.6927 ºN, - 121.7070 ºW, 17 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [CNCI], CANADA: BC: Pt. Grey, Vancouver, 15.8. 1972, J.R. Vockeroth; ♂ [CNCI], CANADA: BC: Pt. Grey, Vancouver, 8 VIII 1972, J.R. Vockeroth; ♂ [CNCI], CANADA: BC: Capilano 300m, N. Vancouver, 17 X 1972, J.R. Vockeroth. Additional material examined: ♂ [UCDC], Sagehen Crk, Nevada Co. CA, VII– 16–80 / R M Bohart Colr; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood Nat. For., S. side Sandy R. nr. jct. trails 770 & 2000, woods/hillside seeps, ~ 45.3897 ºN, - 121.8141 ºW, 14 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [CASC], CANADA: BC: Upper Carmanah Valley, UTM: 10 U CJ 803006, 12 VIII- 27 VIII 1991, N. Winchester, TZ.MT 3; ♂ [CASC], CANADA: BC: Upper Carmanah Valley, UTM: 10 U CJ 803006, 28 VIII- 9 IX 1991, N. Winchester, TZ.MT 1. FIGURE 31. P. neptunei n. sp., head and thorax [holotype male, # 12 K 570]. Scale bar = 0.1 mm • Etymology. This species is named after the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, as it is found patrolling the western edge of the Pacific states, from California to Washington, bearing a trident-shaped gonostylus. Diagnosis and comments. Phthinia neptunei n. sp. is most similar to P. hyrcanica Zaitzev (described from Azerbaijan), but is easily distinguished by the trifurcate versus bifurcate gonostylus, respectively. In the Nearctic region P. neptunei n. sp. is most similar to P. ramificans, but can be distinguished by the structure of the male terminalia. Both species have the gonostylus trilobate. However, in P. neptunei n. sp. the gonostylus is more compact, with three straight, apically acute, saber-like lobes projecting in roughly the same plane, which gives the impression of a trident or the thumb and two fingers of a hand with the palm facing up (Fig. 36). In contrast, the three lobes in P. ramif icans are quite different from each other; an elongate slightly outwardly-curving saber-like lobe apically, a shorter spatulate lobe basally, and a smaller, rather insignificant lobe, between the two (Figs. 39 –40, 42– 43; see also Zaitzev 1993: 36, Figs. 1–2). Additionally, P. neptunei has the apex of the gonocoxites adorned with numerous, inwardly-directed, strong, spine-like, setae (Fig. 37) whereas P. ramificans lacks such setae, and has the gonocoxites apically tapered and elongated into a spine-like lobe (Figs. 43, 40). In California and Oregon, where only P. neptunei and P. cascadica have been recorded, females of these two species can be distinguished by the different distribution of macrotrichia on the wing, the relative divergence of A 1 from the petiole of the cubital fork, and the presence/absence of posterior setae on the hind tibia (see couplet 1 in key). Description. Male. Body length: 5.4–6.6, 6.1 [6.6] mm (n= 10). Head. First flagellomere longer, about 1.5 times the length of flagellomere 2. Thorax. Laterotergite bare. Scutellum with 4 stronger bristles (although sometimes only 2–3 apparent and sometimes all setae are shorn off). Legs. First tarsomere of foreleg about 2.3 x length of foretibia, first tarsomere of midleg about 1.2 x as long as midtibia, and first tarsomere of hind leg about 0.7 x as long as hind tibia. Hind tibia with 7–10 minute anterior setae and 13–20 minute dorsal setae, and posterior setae absent (n= 4); midtibia also with a small number of minute anterior and dorsal setae. Wings (Fig. 32). Length: 3.7–4.5, 4.2 [4.3] mm (n= 10). Membrane densely covered with macrotrichia and microtrichia. C extending about 2 / 5 of the distance between R 5 and M 1; Rs about 1 / 5 length r-m; petiole of medial fork 2 / 5 – 2 / 3 length of r-m; medial fork complete though basal 2 / 3 of M 1 may be faint; A 1 running quite divergent from stem of CuA (Fig. 32). Abdomen. Terminalia (Figs. 33–37). Terminalia brown, not contrasting color of abdomen. Tergite 9 well developed (Fig. 35), basally narrowly fused with gonocoxites laterally. Cerci slender elongate, apically acute and each with a very strong seta apically (Fig. 35). Hypoproct small, posterior margin medially emarginate, forming a pair of small rounded, setose lobes ventral to cerci (Fig. 35). Gonocoxite developed beyond point of articulation of gonostylus into an apical (posteriorly directed) lobe bearing very strong, spine-like setae on inner (mesal) surface (Figs. 34, 36– 37). Gonostylus (Fig. 36) apically trifurcate; all lobes blade-like, apically acute, with longest blade anteriorly and shortest posteriorly; blade-like lobes dark-brown to black contrasting with lighter brown base of gonostylus. Paramere (Fig. 36) strongly sclerotized with four short, digitate, apically-rounded lobes. Aedegal complex small, apically tapered. Female. Body length: 6.0 mm (n= 1). Similar to male; terminalia as Fig. 38. FIGURS 38. P. neptunei n. sp., wing [paratype female, # 12 K 891]. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Discussion. A single male specimen in ANSP from Mt. Rainier, Washington labeled as the type of “ Phthinia nanicra Fisher ” was examined and found to be conspecific with P. neptunei n. sp. The male terminalia of this specimen had deteriorated into just fragments found embedded within a black tar-like mass (we were only able to identify a gonostylus and parameres from the fragments). The name “ nanicra ” is apparently a manuscript name used by Fisher though no associated manuscript of Fisher’s was found in the archives of ANSP or USNM. Bionomics. Phthinia neptunei n. sp. is known from western California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska at elevations from 6m – 1706m. It has been collected from redwood forests in coastal California, from both coniferousconiferousous and mixed woods in Oregon, and from Populus –Picea woods in Alaska. Specimens have been taken on dunes, swept from undercut creek banks, taken in Malaise traps, and found resting on the inside of windows in an old barn. The seasonal distribution is March–November with the greatest number of records June–July.Published as part of Fitzgerald, Scott J. & Kerr, Peter H., 2014, Revision of Nearctic Phthinia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 3856 (3) on pages 316-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/25169
Phthinia cascadica Fitzgerald & Kerr, n. sp.
No full text<i>Phthinia cascadica</i> Fitzgerald & Kerr n. sp. <p>Figs. 1–8</p> <p> <b>Type material. Holotype</b>: ♂ (Fig. 1) [specimen #12K577; CSCA], missing right front leg, otherwise complete, point-mounted, USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Prairie Creek SP, Cal Barrel Rd., appx. 41.3830ºN, - 123.9985ºW, 275masl, 2.vi–25.vii.2009, P. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L521. <b>Paratypes</b>: ♂ [09C884; CSCA], USA, Ore., Josephine Co., small trib. of Josephine Ck, above USFS Rd 4201 Xing, 42°14.168'N 123°42.055'W, MT 475m, 22 May–1 Jun 2009, GW Courtney, CSCA 09L406; 8 ♂♂, ♀ [12K576–12K582, 12K584, 12K892; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Prairie Creek SP, Cal Barrel Rd., appx. 41.3830ºN, - 123.9985ºW, 275masl, 2.vi–25.vii.2009 P. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L521; ♂ in alcohol [10F479; CASC], USA: CA: Del Norte Co, Six Rivers NF, For Route 16N02, nr. Bear Basin Outlk, 41.8016ºN, 123.7369ºW, 1500masl, 3.vi–4.vii.2009 P. H. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L526; ♂ [13M447; CSCA] USA: CA: Marin: Pt. Reyes N Seashore; Mt Vision Rd, 1.8 mi E SF Drake Blvd, 6m MT, 38.1013ºN, - 122.8878ºW, P. H. Kerr, C. Borkent 1.v–4.vii.2012 CSCA 12L079; ♂ [ISUI], Linn Co., OR, McDowell Creek Falls, 18 Oct. 2009, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [OSAC #0000770505], USA: OR: Benton Co., Corvallis, SW Allen St., sweeping over log pile, 44.5472ºN, - 123.2698ºW, 16 Nov. 2012, S. Fitzgerald; 2♀♀ [1 OSAC #0000770504, 1 USNM], USA: OR: Benton Co., Alsea Falls area, Fall Creek jct. trail 6, 44.3199ºN - 123.4899ºW, 17 Oct. 2012, S. Fitzgerald; ♀ [SFC], Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 23 Nov.– 6 Dec. 2009, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Benton Co., Mary’s Peak, upper Parker Creek nr. campground, 44.5087ºN, - 123.5583ºW, 1 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂, [SFC], Multnomah Co., OR, off E. Historic Columbia R. Hwy 1 mi. E. jct. 84 (exit 28), ca. 45.5672 -1221578, 18 Sept.–23 Oct. 2013, S.J. Fitzgerald, Malaise trap; ♀ [SFC], USA: OR Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 44.5509ºN, - 123.2700ºW, pupa suspended by threads on white encrusting fungus on underside of rotten log under canopy of maple, elm, and cherry, 31 Oct. 2013, emerged 3 Nov. 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♀ [SFC], USA: OR Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 44.5509ºN, - 123.2700ºW, 8 Nov. 2013, porch light, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [CNCI], CANADA: BC: Capilano 300m, N. Vancouver, 17 X 1972, J.R. Vockeroth. <b>Additional material:</b> 4 ♂♂ [CASC], CANADA: British Columbia: Upper Carmanah Valley, 21 VI-7 VII 1991, N. Winchester, CC.MT5; 4 ♂♂ [CASC], CANADA: British Columbia: Upper Carmanah Valley, 21 VI-7 VII 1991, N. Winchester, TZ.MT5.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named after the bioregion (and proposed country) Cascadia, known for its rich natural heritage and environmental sensibilities.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis and comments.</b> <i>Phthinia cascadica</i> can be distinguished from all other <i>Phthinia</i> by the stronglydeveloped, digitate, posteriorly-directed, posterodorsal lobes of the gonocoxites which are unique within the genus. The only other taxon with distinctly dorsal lobes on the gonocoxites is <i>P. parafurcata</i> Oliveira & Amorim (described from Chile), but the dorsal lobes in this species are mesally-, rather than posteriorly-directed. In California and Oregon, where only <i>P. neptunei</i> <b>n. sp.</b> and <i>P. cascadica</i> <b>n. sp.</b> have been recorded, females of the two species can be distinguished by the different distribution of macrotrichia on the wing, the relative divergence of A1 from the petiole of the cubital fork, and the presence/absence of posterior setae on the hind tibia (see couplet 1 in key). Based on a single specimen collected in 2012 from Pt. Reyes National Seashore (Marin Co., California), we believe there may be another species of <i>Phthinia</i> that is very closely related to <i>P. c a s c ad i c a</i>. However more specimens are needed to confirm this and document its morphology adequately for proper diagnosis and taxonomic publication.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male. Body length: 6.2–8.4, 7.4 [7.6] mm (n=8). <i>Head</i>. First flagellomere longer, approx. subequal the length of flagellomere 2. <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 2). Laterotergite with several setae. Scutellum with 4 stronger bristles (although sometimes only 2–3 apparent and sometimes all setae are shorn off). <i>Legs.</i> First tarsomere of foreleg approx. 2.5 times length of foretibia, first tarsomere of midleg approx. 1.7 times as long as midtibia, and first tarsomere of hind leg approx. 0.7 times as long as hind tibia. Apex of hind tibia with apex ventrally produced into a keel-like point bearing the outer tibial spur apically. Hind tibia with 2–6 minute anterior setae, 17–27 minute dorsal setae, and 8–10 minute posterior setae (N=2); midtibia also with a small number of minute anterior and dorsal setae. <i>Wings</i> (as Fig. 3). 4.2–5.5, 5.0 [5.3] mm (n=8). Membrane with macrotrichia; microtrichia also present between more widely spaced macrotrichia. C extending about 1/3 of the distance between R5 and M1; Rs about 1/4 length r-m; r-m subequal to slightly longer than stem of M; medial fork complete; M1 distinct basally. A1 diverging only slightly from stem of CuA. (Fig. 3). <i>Abdomen.</i> Terminalia (Figs. 4–7). Terminalia beige-brown to light brown, contrasting with darker color of abdomen. Cerci short, lobate, apically rounded with small setae. Hypoproct about as long as wide, much longer than more dorsally situated cerci (Figs. 4, 6); posterior margin with a broad, shallow, v-shaped emargination. In dorsal view (Fig. 6), gonocoxite developed dorsally beyond point of articulation of gonostylus into an apical (posteriorly directed) digitate, apically rounded, setose lobe devoid of strong spine-like setae. Gonostylus with five lobes (Figs. 5, 7); two mesally-directed lobes, one apically-directed lobe, and two spine-like posteriorly-directed lobes (the latter best seen in ventral view, Fig. 7); the former three lobes are less sclerotized, more or less apically rounded, and covered with setae over most of surface; apically-directed lobe with strong setae. The two strong, subequal, spine-like, posteriorly-directed lobes are primarily bare and setose only basally (Figs. 4, 7). In ventral view, aedeagal complex protruding ventromedially beyond ventromedian margin of gonocoxites; triangular, apically acute (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <i>Female.</i> Similar to male; terminalia as Fig. 8.</p> <p> <b>Bionomics.</b> <i>Phthinia cascadica</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is recorded from about 38ºN latitude California north to Vancouver British Columbia with all records in the extreme western parts of the these states/provinces (while we did not examine any specimens from Washington, this species undoubtedly occurs there). Specimens have been collected nearly at sea level, up to 1,097 m, in habitats including coniferous woodlands (including coastal redwood forests in northern California), and mixed woods in semi-wild open spaces on the edges of towns. As noted in the introductory bionomics section, this species was reared from a pupa found suspended by threads in a hollow cavity on the underside of a rotten deciduous log, with the overhead canopy being made up of Big Leaf Maple, Elm, and Cherry trees; the lower surface of the rotten log, including the small hollow in which the pupa was suspended, was covered with a white encrusting fungus. Considering the records, it seems likely that the species is at home in coniferous or deciduous woods as long as an appropriate fungal host can be located. Adults have been swept from a log pile (mix of coniferous and deciduous logs), taken in Malaise traps, and attracted to a porch light. The seasonal distribution is late May–July and September–December (the majority of these fall records occurring within October–November).</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J. & Kerr, Peter H., 2014, Revision of Nearctic Phthinia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 3856 (3)</i> on pages 305-308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251697">http://zenodo.org/record/251697</a>
Gaven Kerr OP o stworzeniu i jego konsekwencjach filozoficznych
No full textAuthor endorses the study by Gaven Kerr, O.P., for the way it shows the centrality of Aquinas’ metaphysics of creation: showcasing the ‘real distinction’ between esse and essentia, followed by Aquinas’ unique treatment of each, as well as a deep consideration of esse tantum. At the end he states the ‘proof’ which Gaven Kerr has articulated so deftly reflects the manner in which the Creator ‘appears’ in creation, thereby ‘showing’ what cannot be ‘said’ (Wittgenstein).Autor z przekonaniem pochwala studium Gavena Kerra OP za sposób, w jaki pokazuje ono centralność metafizyki stworzenia u Akwinaty: ukazanie „realnej różnicy” między esse i essentia, a następnie unikatowe potraktowanie każdego z nich, jak też głębokie rozważenie esse tantum. Na koniec stwierdza, że „dowód”, który sformułował Gaven Kerr, zręcznie odzwierciedla sposób, w jaki Stwórca „pojawia się” w stworzeniu, a tym samym „pokazuje” to, czego nie da się powiedzieć (Wittgenstein)
Recession, International Trade and the Fallacies of Composition
No full textA truly global recession has not been manifest since the Great Depression of the 1930s. As a result, the multilateral institutions put in place at the end of the Second World War to ensure that a major depression never happened again have not been tested. One of the lessons of the Great Depression was that governments had a major role to play in managing the economy. The use of subsidies to affect economic outcomes was one manifestation of this expanded role. In a recession, sector specific subsidies will likely be requested by firms. Subsidies can distort trade, leading to the potential for beggar thy neighbour subsidy wars. Subsidies will be difficult to discipline in a global recession.beggar thy neighbour, deficits, paradox of thrift, recession, subsidies, International Relations/Trade,
International Harmonization and the Gains from Trade
No full textInternational harmonization of standards and regulations is often a goal expressed in trade agreements because it is expected to yield gains from trade. Absence of progress toward harmonization is often interpreted as being motivated by protectionism, with differences in standards and regulations seen as non-tariff barriers. While protectionism may well be the source of resistance to harmonization, there may be other reasons it is not pursued. These alternative explanations have not received much attention from economists. In this article some of these alternatives are outlined - demand effects from altering standards, switching costs, proprietary technologies. The article concludes that proposals for international harmonization need to be scrutinized carefully.demand effects, harmonization, regulation, standards, switching costs, TBT, International Relations/Trade,
One-pot syntheses of pseudopteroxazoles from pseudopterosins : a rapid route to non-natural congeners with improved antimicrobial activity
No full textRapid one-pot methodologies to prepare pseudopteroxazole (1) and novel congeners from abundant natural pseudopterosins have been devised. This is highlighted here with the first synthesis of the marine natural product homopseudopteroxazole (2) utilizing a novel, silver(I)-mediated catechol to benzoxazole transformation. Pseudopteroxazoles and isopseudopteroxazoles exhibit potent activity against a range of important Gram-positive pathogens including Mycobacterium spp. and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Several non-natural pseudopteroxazoles exhibited strong activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, thereby displaying a broader spectrum of antibiotic activity compared to pseudopteroxazole
Letter from W. J. Kerr
No full textLetter concerning adjustment of work and salaries of members of the Experiment Station Staff with response to questions filled in
The American mixture of higher education in perspective: four dimensions
No full textSzereg państw rozważa obecnie celowość strategii prywatyzacji swoich systemów szkolnictwa wyższego. Au tor opracowania, opierając się głównie na doświadczeniach amerykańskich, analizuje strategię prywatyzacji instytucji publicznych jako alternatywę wobec tworzenia wyłącznie prywatnych szkół. W artykule analizowane są kryteria zróżnicowania opisywanych typów uczelni: i) charakter własności (państwowa - prywatna), 2) typ kontroli (zewnętrzna - wewnętrzna), 3) źródła finansowania (fundusze prywatne - publiczne), 4) mechanizmy publicznego finansowania (kto i w jaki sposób kontroluje rozdział środków). Cztery kryteria stanowią podstawę różnych kombinacji, rozwiązań zarówno w poszczególnych krajach, jak i między nimi, w tym w systemie amerykańskim reprezentującym najbogatszy zakres zróżnicowania. Opisano sześć kategorii uczelni, w tym cztery z nich, powszechnie występujące w U SA. Kerr śledzi historyczny rozwój szkolnictwa, który doprowadził do powstania mieszanego systemu amerykańskiego i bada niektóre jego pozytywne skutki: autonomię instytucjonalną, różnorodność i elastyczność. Negatywne konsekwencje dotyczyć mogą nadmiernej podatności uczelni na krótkotrwałe naciski ze strony rynku pracy i preferencji studentów co do kierunków studiów, biznesu lub przemysłu wspierającego uczelnie. Autor konkluduje, iż amerykańskie doświadczenie „sprywatyzowanych” instytucji publicznych może służyć jako model dla tych krajów, które dążą obecnie do wprowadzenia większego instytucjonalnego zróżnicowania, autonomii i elastyczności własnych systemów szkolnictwa wyższego.Several nations are currently considering ,privatization’ of parts of their higher education systems. This paper, mainly based on the American experience, examines,privatizing’ public institutions as an alternative to establishing solely ,private’ institutions. Institutions are analyzed along four dimensions: (i) ownership (public or private); (2) control (external or internal); (3) financing (public or private founds); and (4) mechanisms for public financing (who controls fund distribution and how). There are varying mixtures along these four dimensions both within countries and around the world, with the American system exhibiting the widest range of combinations. Six categories are described, including four common in the U.S.: „L Independent private”, where institutions are independent in ownership, in control, and in basic financing; „II. Dependent private”, independent in ownership and financing but dependent in control; „III. Independent public”, dependent in ownership but independent in control and substantially independent in financing; „IV. Semi-independent public (state/guild type)’,’, dependent in ownership, mixed in control, and heavily dependent in financing (less common in the U.S., but typical of Italy and Latin America); „V. Semi-independent public (state/trustee/guild type)”, where control is shared among state, academic guilds and lay boards of trustees but with mainly state-controlled financing; and „VI. Dependent public”, the model in the Communist nations. Kerr traces the historical path that led to the mixed American system and examines some of its positive consequences, which include institutional autonomy, diversity, and flexibility. Negative results include possible over-responsiveness to short-term pressures, as from the labor market or student preferences for courses of study, and from supporting bussiness or industry. The author concludes that the American experience with privatized’ public institutions may serve as a model for those elsewhere who now seek greater institutional differentiation, autonomy, and flexibility within national systems of higher education
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