1,721,029 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Vpliv klimatskih sprememb na požarno varnost gozdov
Get PDFDiplomsko delo je rezultat zbiranja in interpretiranja statističnih podatkov, ki so jih pridobile industrijsko neodvisne organizacije in nekateri moji kolegi na področju klimatskih sprememb in gozdnih požarov. Glavno motivacijsko gonilo za nastanek dela je želja po čim bolj objektivnem opisu stanja na tem področju, kjer si mnoge klimatske študije močno nasprotujejo pri interpretaciji izmerjenih/pridobljenih podatkov. V vsebini dela so opisani mehanizmi gorenja, širjenja požarov in vplivi klimatskih sprememb na različne aspekte gozdov, kot ekosistemov, ki so pomembni za požarno varnost le teh.
Osrednje teme razprave so vplivi povišanih temperatur, premiki klimatskih pasov, podaljševanje sušnih obdobij, migracije insektov, ekstremni vremenski dogodki, ekonomska škoda, ekološka škoda, kdo je ogrožen in napovedi na osnovi trendov spreminjanja. S študijo trendov sem želel predvsem ugotoviti, če se ozračje spreminja tudi v Sloveniji in bližnji okolici, kako spreminja, kakšne so lahko posledice v prihodnjih letih, ali izvajamo zadostne preventivne ukrepe, in ali smo pripravljeni na efektivno izvedbo ukrepov v primeru neželenega dogodka. Gozdni požar je skratka oblika nekontroliranega širjenja ognja po gozdni površini. Proces gorenja pospešuje predvsem veter in nizka vlažnost goriva. Odvisnost celotnega procesa gozdnega požara enostavno opišemo s tremi soodvisnimi faktorji: vremenom, gorivom in topografijo. Izmed treh sta stanje vremena in goriva vseskozi prisotni spremenljivki, ki najbolj vplivata na stopnjo tveganja za nastanek požara, hkrati pa narekujeta tudi njegovo intenziteto in hitrost širjenja. V glavnem so gozdni požari nezaželeni dogodki, ki ogrožajo prosto živeče živali, obgozdno infrastrukturo in posledično tudi človeka. Rezultat končanega gozdnega požara je najpogosteje velika pogorela površina in hkrati ogromna finančna škoda.The diploma is result of collecting and interpreting statistical data obtained by industrially independent organizations and some of my colleagues in the field of climate change and forest fires. The main motivational drive for creation of this diploma is the desire to provide objective description of the situation in this field, where many climate studies strongly oppose the interpretation of the measured/obtained data. The content of the work describes the mechanisms of combustion, spread of fire and the effects of climate change on various aspects of forests, as ecosystems, that are important for the forest fire safety. The main topics of the discussion are the effects of elevated temperatures, movement of climatic zones, prolongation of drought periods, migration of insects, extreme weather events, economic damage, ecological damage, who is threatened and forecasts based on changing trends. By studying the trends, I wanted to primarily find out if the atmosphere is changing in Slovenia as well as in the vicinity, how it changes, what the consequences might be in the coming years, do we take sufficient preventive measures and are we able to carry out effective measures in case of the unwanted event. Forest fire is a form of uncontrolled spread of fire across the forest surface. The burning process is primarily driven by wind and low fuel humidity. The dependence of the entire process of forest fire is easily described by three interdependent factors: weather, fuel and topography. Of the three, the state of weather and fuel, are constantly present variables that have the greatest influence on the degree of risk for the occurrence of a fire, and at the same time dictate its intensity and rate of spread. In the wild, forest fires are unwanted events that threaten wildlife, environmental infrastructure and consequently also human beings. The result of a finished forest fire is most often a large burned area and at the same time enormous financial damage
Comparison and influence of different factors on evacuation time using Pathfinder
No full textV magistrskem delu sem se podrobneje seznanil s slovensko zakonodajo o varstvu pred požarom, požarni varnosti v stavbah in načinu projektiranja evakuacijskih poti. V uvodnem delu sem obdelal osnovne definicije pojma evakuacija, potek razvoja načrtovanja evakuacij, načine načrtovanja v sedanjosti in podatke, ki jih moramo zajeti med samim načrtovanjem. Na podlagi tehnične smernice za graditev TSG-1-001:2019 in Zakona o varstvu pred požarom ter podzakonskih aktov, ki obravnavajo evakuacijske poti, sem izdelal različne načrte prostorov ter scenarije evakuacije znotraj le-teh. Izdelal sem načrte treh osnovnih prostorov: učilnice, knjižnice in hodnika. Vsakemu od prostorov sem dodal različne predmete in opremo, ki sovpadajo z namenom prostora ter predstavljajo ovire na evakuacijski poti. V programu AutoCAD sem izdelal dvodimenzionalne načrte. Te sem nato izvozil v program Pyrosim in jim dodal še tretjo dimenzijo. Modele sem izvozil v program Pathfinder, kjer sem v prostore dodal ljudi z različnimi hitrostmi gibanja. Nato sem izvedel simulacijo evakuacije in dobil rezultate oz. evakuacijske čase, ki sem jih prikazal v obliki grafov in tabel.
V magistrskem delu sem obravnaval vpliv ovir in orientiranost postavitve le-teh na evakuacijski poti, vpliv širine in dolžine evakuacijske poti, vpliv števila ljudi, njihove hitrosti gibanja in zadolžitve ter vpliv števila izhodov v prostoru na evakuacijski čas. V namenu magistrskega dela sem postavil pet hipotez. Na podlagi rezultatov eksperimentalnega dela sem štiri hipoteze ovrgel in eno delno potrdil. Prav tako sem iz dobljenih rezultatov ugotovil, da povečanje širine evakuacijske poti z 1,2 m na 2,0 m skrajša čas evakuacije za 8 %, da se čas evakuacije podaljša za največ 1,75-krat pri podaljšanju evakuacijski poti z 20 m na 40 m, da pravokotna postavitev predmetov v primerjavi z vzporedno postavitvijo predmetov na evakuacijsko pot podaljša čas evakuacije za 4 sekunde. Ugotovil sem tudi, da se čas evakuacije skrajša za več kot polovico v enem scenariju, v ostalih scenarijih pa za manj kot polovico, ko imamo dva zasilna izhoda na izbranih lokacijah v primerjavi z enim zasilnim izhodom, in da se čas evakuacije poveča do 1,33-krat, ko je v prostoru 20 ljudi v primerjavi z 10 ljudmi.
Ugotovitve magistrskega dela lahko v prihodnje pripomorejo pri raziskovanju področja evakuacij in k razmisleku ob načrtovanju in postavitvi objektov ter vzpostavitvi evakuacijskih poti.This thesis closely examines the Slovenian legislation with regard to fire protection, fire safety requirements in buildings and the planning of evacuation routes. In the introduction, it elaborates on the basic definitions of the term evacuation, the history of the development of evacuation planning, the methods of contemporary planning and the data that must be collected during the planning stage itself. Following the technical guidelines for the construction of TSG-1-001:2019 and the Fire Protection Act with its by-laws on evacuation routes, I designed various room plans and their corresponding evacuation scenarios. I designed the plans for three basic room types: a classroom, a library and a corridor. I added multiple objects and pieces of equipment to each of the rooms in such a way that they coincided with the purpose of the room while also representing obstacles on the evacuation route. I made two-dimensional plans in AutoCAD and exported them to the Pyrosim program, where a third dimension was added to them. I then exported these models to the Pathfinder program, where people with different movement speeds were added to the rooms. An evacuation simulation was subsequently carried out which provided the results or evacuation times which have been presented in the form of graphs and tables.
This master’s thesis discusses how the evacuation time is influenced by obstacles and the orientation of their placement on evacuation routes, the width and length of the evacuation route, the number of people, their speed of movement and workload, the number of exits in the room. The thesis proposes five hypotheses. Based on the results of the experimental part of the thesis, four hypotheses were refuted an one was partially confirmed. Based on the results, I found that increasing the width of the evacuation route from 1.2 m to 2.0 m reduces the evacuation time by 8 %, that the evacuation time is, at most, 1.75-times longer when extending the evacuation route from 20 m to 40 m, and that a perpendicular placement of objects on the evacuation route increases the evacuation time by 4 seconds compared to a parallel placement. I also found that when we have two emergency exits at selected locations as opposed to one, the evacuation time is cut by more than half in one scenario and less than half in the other scenarios, and that the evacuation time increases up to 1.33 times when there are 20 people in the room compared to 10 people.
The findings of this thesis could contribute to evacuations research, to the planning and placement of objects and the design of evacuation routes
Simulation of smoke spread and evacuation from a cultural heritage building
No full textV magistrskem delu sem analiziral vpliv širjenja dima zaradi požara na evakuacijo iz stavbe kulturne dediščine. Glede na lokacijo požara se dim različno širi po objektu, kar vpliva na izbiro evakuacijske poti in evakuacijskega izhoda. Dobljene rezultate evakuacije sem primerjal s časom evakuacijske vaje, ki je bila izvedena na Rektoratu UL marca 2023. BIM model Rektorata UL je izdelan v programu Autodesk Revit ter nato v formatu IFC uvožen v Pathfinder in Pyrosim. V Pathfinderju je bilo analiziranih 5 scenarijev evakuacije, poleg tega pa tudi, kako način alarmiranja in dima vpliva na hitrost evakuacije. V Pyrosimu je bilo izvedenih 5 požarnih scenarijev, od teh je bila v 4 analizirana vidljivost na evakuacijskih poteh, v 1 scenariju pa, kako dolgo lahko navadna lesena vrata zadržijo ogenj. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov so podani predlogi za izboljšanje evakuacije in požarne varnosti v stavbi Rektorata UL.In my master’s thesis, I analysed the effects of the spread of smoke on evacuation. Smoke spreads differently through a building depending on the location of a fire, and this has an effect on the choice of evacuation route and evacuation exit. I compared the results for evacuation scenarios with the time of the evacuation exercise conducted in the Rectorate of the University of Ljubljana in March 2023. The BIM model of the rectorate was created in Autodesk Revit and imported into Pathfinder and Pyrosim in IFC format. Five evacuation scenarios were created in Pathfinder and analysed in terms of how the type of alarm and smoke affects the speed of evacuation. In Pyrosim, 5 fire scenarios were carried out: visibility on the evacuation routes was analysed in 4 scenarios, whereas 1 scenario was analysed in terms of how long an ordinary wooden door can stop a fire. Based on the obtained results, suggestions were made for improving fire safety in the building of the Rectorate of the University of Ljubljana
Fire properties of natural insulation
No full textPri izbiri ustrezne toplotne izolacije objekta je treba poleg prenosa toplote, ekonomskega vidika, trdnosti in stabilnosti upoštevati tudi njihovo optimalno delovanje in čim manjši vpliv na okolje. Na tržišču obstaja več različnih vrst toplotnih izolacij, od najpogosteje uporabljene steklene volne, kamene volne, EPS in XPS do naravnih materialov, kot so volna, konoplja, celuloza, lan itd., ki imajo različne tehnične lastnosti, kot so toplotna in zvočna izolacija, požarne lastnosti, sposobnost uravnavanja vlažnosti okolja ter ogljični odtis.
V magistrskem delu so obravnavane tri naravne izolacije, ovčja volna, celulozna izolacija (lesna volna) ter izolacija iz konoplje, katerih prednost je relativno majhen vpliv na okolje, prispevek k večjemu udobju v zaprtih prostorih zaradi zmanjšanja onesnaženosti zraka in dobra požarna odpornost, že zaradi samih lastnosti materiala ali pa zaradi dodanih zaviralcev gorenja. Proksimativno analizo omenjenih vzorcev se je določilo z uporabo metod TA, in sicer EGA, TGA, DTA, DTG. S pomočjo metod TA se je ugotavljala termična stabilnost treh vzorcev toplotnih izolacij, glede na spremembo mase vzorca in toplotne spremembe v vzorcu med termično obremenitvijo vzorca. Z EGA metodo, ki združuje termogravimetrični analizator (TGA) in kvadrupolni masni spektrometer (QMS) se je poskušalo določiti oz. ugotoviti sestavo hlapnih komponent vzorcev. Cilj raziskave je ugotoviti, katera od obravnavanih naravnih izolacij je glede na proksimativno sestavo, termično stabilnost in ceno najboljša izbira, pri čemer se bo upošteval tudi ogljični odtis (GWP) in vgrajena energija (EE) vsakega vzorca izolacije.
Rezultati metod termične analize so pokazali, da ovčja volna, lesna volna in konopljina izolacija razpadejo v tristopenjskem procesu. Prva stopnja vključuje izgubo vlage, druga stopnja nastanek hlapnih komponent oz. piroliznih plinov, tretja stopnja podžig fiksnega ogljika, ostanek po termični obdelavi je pepel. Prvi dve spremembi mase vzorca potekata v inertni atmosferi (argon), tretja pa v oksidativni atmosferi (argon in kisik) v temperaturnem intervalu od 40 °C do 900 °C, pri čemer so se beležile nastale komponente termičnega razpada vzorca.
Ugotovitve so pokazale, da je konopljina izolacija imela večjo termično obstojnost zaradi višje temperature nastanka piroliznih plinov in najmanjši (negativni) ogljični odtis (GWP). Volnena izolacija je imela z največjim deležem pepela, največjo toplotno stabilnost ter najnižjo ceno. Lesna izolacija pa je imela najbolj temperaturno stabilen fiksni ogljik ter najnižjo vgrajeno energijo (EE).In addition to heat transfer, economic considerations, strength and stability, the choice of the right thermal insulation for a building should also take into account optimal performance and minimised environmental impact. There are several different types of thermal insulation on the market, ranging from the most commonly used glass wool, rock wool, EPS and XPS to natural materials such as wool, hemp, cellulose, flax, etc., which have different technical characteristics such as thermal and acoustic insulation, fire performance, ability to control ambient humidity and carbon footprint.
The master\u27s thesis deals with three natural insulations, sheep wool, cellulose insulation (wood wool) and hemp insulation, which have the advantage of a relatively low environmental impact, a contribution to indoor comfort by reducing air pollution and good fire resistance, either due to the material properties themselves or due to the addition of flame retardants. The proximate analysis of these samples was determined using TA methods, namely EGA, TGA, DTA, DTG. The thermal stability of the three thermal insulation samples was determined using TA methods depending on variation of the mass of the sample and the thermal changes in the sample during the thermal loading of the sample. The EGA method, which combines a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), was used to determine the composition of the volatile components of the samples. The aim of the research is to determine which of the natural insulations considered is the best choice in terms of proximate composition, thermal stability and cost, taking into account also the carbon footprint (GWP) and embodied energy (EE) of each insulation sample.
The results of the thermal analysis methods showed that sheep\u27s wool, wood wool and hemp insulation and decompose in a three – step process. The first stage involves the loss of moisture, the second stage the formation of volatile components or pyrolysis gases, the third stage the combustion of fixed carbon and the residue after thermal treatment is ash. The first two mass changes of the sample take place in an inert atmosphere (argon) and the third in an oxidising atmosphere (argon and oxygen) in a temperature range from 40 °C to 900 °C, recording the thermal decomposition components of the sample.
The findings showed that hemp insulation had a higher thermal stability due to the higher pyrolysis gas generation temperature and the lowest (negative) carbon footprint (GWP). Wool insulation had with the highest ash content, the highest thermal stability and the lowest cost. Wood insulation, on the other hand, had the most thermally stable fixed carbon and the lowest embodied energy (EE)
Emissions of carbon monoxide from textile materials
Get PDFOgljikov oksid je strupen plin za katerega se uporablja ime tihi ubijalec, saj nima vonja, barve in okusa. Raven koncentracije ogljikovega oksida v zaprtih prostorih predstavlja resno nevarnost za zdravje ljudi, tako doma kot na delovnem mestu, in je tako vzrok več nenamernih in namernih smrti, kot katerakoli druga oblika zastrupitve po celem svetu.
Ogljikov oksid je zelo pogosta nevarnost tudi v industriji, saj nastane ob nepopolnem zgorevanju zemeljskega plina in kateregakoli drugega materiala, ki vsebuje ogljik (npr. bencin, olje, propan, premog ali les). Tako se lahko v stanovanju pojavlja povsod, kjer se uporablja peči na trdno gorivo, peči na naftne derivate in peči oz. bojlerje na zemeljski plin. Ogljikov oksid nastaja tudi med delovanjem motorjev z notranjim zgorevanjem. Tako lahko povečane koncentracije CO najdemo tudi v domačih garažah in v podzemnih garažnih hišah že med običajnim obratovanjem vozil.
Poleg naštetega pa se moramo zavedati da ogljikov oksid nastane tudi pri gorenju različnih tekstilnih materialov, dišečih palčkah in spiralah za komarje. Pri zgorevanju ene blazine v srednje velikem prostoru lahko nastane smrtonosna količina ogljikovega oksida. Količina dima in strupenih plinov je odvisna od materiala, zato sem magistrsko delo posvetila analizi nastajanja ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju različnih tekstilnih materialov.
Teoretični del magistrske naloge sem podkrepila z eksperimentalnim delom, katerega glavni cilj je bil ugotoviti koncentracijo ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju treh različnih tekstilnih materialov. Pri eksperimentalnem delu sem prav tako upošetevala nekatere dejavnike, ki vplivajo na rezultate meritev koncentracije ogljikovega oksida.
S povezavo teoretičnega in eksperimentalnega dela sem ugotovila, da so koncentracije ogljikovega oksida pri gorenju tekstilnih materialov dovolj visoke, da ob določenih okoliščinah povzročijo nevarnost človeškemu zdravju.Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas, also called a silent killer, because it has no smell, colour or taste. Indoor carbon monoxide levels pose a serious threat to human health, both at home and in the workplace. It is also the cause of more unintentional and intentional deaths than any other form of poisoning worldwide.
As said, carbon monoxide is a very common hazard in industry, as it is formed by incomplete combustion of natural gas and any other carbon-containing material (petrol, propane, coal, wood). Thus, it can occur in the apartment wherever solid fuel stoves, oil stoves are used.
Carbon monoxide is also formed during the operation of internal combustion engines. Thus, increased concentrations of carbon monoxide can also be found in domestic garages and underground garage houses during normal vehicle operation. In addition to the above, we bust be aware that carbon monoxide is also formed during the burning of various textile materials, scented sticks and mosquito spirals. Burning one pillow in a medium-sized room can produce a lethal amount of carbon monoxide. The amount of smoke and toxic gases depends on the material, so I devoted my thesis to the analysis of the formation of carbon monoxide in the combustion of various textile materials.
I supported the theoretical part of thesis with an experiment. Main goal of which was to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in the combustion of three different textile materials. I also took into account some of the factors that can influence the results of measurements of concentration of carbon monoxide.
By linking theoretical and experimental part of my thesis I have found out that the concentrations of carbon monoxide in the combustion of textile materials are high enough to, under certain circumstances, pose danger to human health
Fire reporting systems and fire safety of sports facilities
No full textPojav požara v športnih objektih, kjer je prisotnih veliko število ljudi, predstavlja zelo resno grožnjo za njihova življenja, povzroča pa tudi veliko materialno škodo. Pred takšnimi situacijami se je potrebno ustrezno obvarovati z uporabo sistemov aktivne požarne zaščite znotraj objekta. Posebej pomembna je ustrezna namestitev požarnih javljalnikov v vseh prostorih, da se karseda hitro prepreči nadaljnje širjenje požara, glede na vrsto zaznavanja je pomembno, da so le-ti ustrezni, ter da so pravilno razporejeni v prostoru. Poleg javljalnikov je potrebno zagotoviti tudi ustrezno število evakuacijskih poti in ročnih gasilnikov požara ter jih označiti s predpisanimi simboli.The occurrence of fire in sports facilities, where large numbers of people are present, poses a very serious threat to their lives and also causes significant material damage. Such situations must be adequately protected by the use of active fire protection systems within the facility. It is of particular importance that fire detectors are installed in all premises in order to prevent the further spread of the fire as quickly as possible, depending on the type of detection, it is important that these are adequate and that they are properly spaced. In addition to the detectors, an adequate number of evacuation routes and manual fire extinguishers must be provided and marked with the prescribed symbols
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