1,721,102 research outputs found
History and Theory of Human Experimentation: The Declaration of Helsinki and Modern Medical Ethics
No full textDespite having been revised and criticised over the years, the Declaration of Helsinki remains one of the most important and internationally known ethics codes world-wide. Yet we know relatively little about its historical origins or about the prolonged revision process which accompanied this "living document". The chapters presented in this volume look at the history and theory of human experimentation, assess the role of the Declaration of Helsinki in an international context, and illustrate specific issues about the history and practice of research ethics through a number of case studies in the United States, Asia and Europe
Forschung als Herausforderungen für Ethik und Menschenrechte. 50 Jahre Deklaration von Helsinki, 1964-2014
No full textHow can we best protect human participants and vulnerable populations in an increasingly complex and global research environment? In the 21st century many scientific questions will have to be tackled and hopefully be solved through a process involving studies on human participants. At the same time, we need to recognise that we have seen unprecedented breaches of medical morality and human rights in the field of human experiments during the preceding 20th century. For the last 50 years, the Declaration of Helsinki has attempted to serve as a landmark to guide research and science, medical ethics and law, patients and politics. The present Yearbook aims to contribute to a deeper understanding about the historical developments which have shaped research on humans in the past, and thus create greater ethical sensitivity in the conduct of scientific studies in the future. It does so by bringing together the work of leading experts from the fields of bioethics, the medical sciences, philosophy and history on a subject of individual and collective significance
The long road of moral concern: doctor's ethos and statute law relating to human research in Europe
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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