1,721,047 research outputs found
No change in Southern Ocean circulation in the Indian Ocean from the Eocene through Late Oligocene
No full textDeciphering the evolution of Southern Ocean circulation during the Eocene and Oligocene has important implications for understanding the development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and transition to Earth's "icehouse" climate. To better understand ocean circulation patterns in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, we generated a new fossil fish tooth neodymium isotope record (εNd) from the upper Eocene to upper Oligocene sections (36-23 Ma) of Ocean Drilling Program Sites 744 and 748 (Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean). Reconstructed seawater εNd values from fossil fish teeth are used to trace changes in water masses across ocean basins. The records from Site 748 and Site 744 reveal a gradual shift from εNd values around -6.5 to -7.5 in the late Eocene to εNd values between -7.5 and -8.3 by the late Oligocene, consistent with a Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) influence at the Kerguelen Plateau throughout the Oligocene. We interpret the shift to less radiogenic values to reflect the increased export of Northern Component Water to the Southern Ocean, likely into the proto-CDW. However, the records show no major change in water mass composition around the Kerguelen Plateau that would accompany an increase in Pacific throughflow related to the opening of Drake Passage and imply that Pacific throughflow via the Drake Passage occurred by the late Eocene. High-frequency variability in eNd values at Site 744 is interpreted as an imprint of Oligocene glacial activity, with a particularly pronounced excursion at 32.6 Ma roughly coinciding with other glacial weathering indicators around Antarctica.</p
Isotopic interrogation of a suspected late Eocene glaciation
No full textEphemeral polar glaciations during the middle-to-late Eocene (48–34?Ma) have been proposed based on far-field ice volume proxy records and near-field glacigenic sediments, although the scale, timing, and duration of these events are poorly constrained. Here we confirm the existence of a transient cool event within a new high-resolution benthic foraminiferal ?18O record at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 738 (Kerguelen Plateau; Southern Ocean). This event, named the Priabonian oxygen isotope maximum (PrOM) Event, lasted ~140?kyr and is tentatively placed within magnetochron C17n.1n (~37.3?Ma) based on the correlation to ODP Site 689 (Maud Rise, Southern Ocean). A contemporaneous change in the provenance of sediments delivered to the Kerguelen Plateau occurs at the study site, determined from the <63?µm fraction of decarbonated and reductively leached sediment samples. Changes in the mixture of bottom waters, based on fossil fish tooth ?Nd, were less pronounced and slower relative to the benthic ?18O and terrigenous ?Nd changes. Terrigenous sediment ?Nd values rapidly shifted to less radiogenic signatures at the onset of the PrOM Event, indicating an abrupt change in provenance favoring ancient sources such as the Paleoproterozoic East Antarctic craton. Bottom water ?Nd reached a minimum value during the PrOM Event, although the shift begins much earlier than the terrigenous ?Nd excursion. The origin of the abrupt change in terrigenous sediment provenance is compatible with a change in Antarctic terrigenous sediment flux and/or source as opposed to a reorganization of ocean currents. A change in terrigenous flux and/or source of Antarctic sediments during the oxygen isotope maximum suggests a combination of cooling and ice growth in East Antarctica during the early late Eocene
Separating biogeochemical cycling of neodymium from water mass mixing in the Eastern North Atlantic
No full textThe radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotope ratio 143Nd/144Nd (expressed in ?Nd?Nd) is being used as a tracer in paleo and modern ocean circulation. However, the mechanisms controlling input, distribution, and internal cycling are far from understood. For example, globally, Nd concentration ([Nd]) commonly follows patterns of nutrient tracers, generally increasing with depth below the thermocline, while ?Nd?Nd, tends to reflect the water masses, which has often been referred to as the ‘Nd-paradox’. Here we present dissolved Nd isotopes and concentrations at unprecedented vertical and spatial resolution from the eastern part of the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic Zonal Transect (Gulf of Cadiz – Mauritanian Shelf – Cape Verde Islands).The [Nd] of all samples ranges from 12.3 to 36.7 pmol/kg, with lowest [Nd] usually found within the layer of highest chlorophyll-a levels (chl-max), suggesting removal through scavenging. The Nd isotope compositions range between ?Nd=?13.4?Nd=?13.4 and ?9.9, with lower values at the surface within the extension of the Saharan dust plume and a benthic nepheloid layer (BNL). Less negative values are found in oligotrophic surface waters, Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW), and near the Cape Verde Islands. Overall, water mass mixing derived from ?Nd?Nd is best visible at the Strait of Gibraltar, where MOW enters the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the sub-thermocline ?Nd?Nd varies within a small range with poor water mass distinction due to the dominance of North Atlantic Deep Water. High surface [Nd] associated with more negative ?Nd?Nd is interpreted to be the result of dust deposition and dissolution. Local [Nd] maxima with no apparent change in ?Nd?Nd compared to ambient seawater, observed within a zone of minimum oxygen concentration (OMZ) at ?500 m depth off Mauritania, suggest minor input of lithogenic Nd but a rather high contribution through desorption of previously scavenged Nd. That is, Saharan dust in this area has only a minor influence on the isotope composition of water below the uppermost surface layer. The low ?Nd?Nd values and elevated [Nd] within the BNL on the other hand indicate release from detrital material. Our new high-resolution dataset gives valuable insights into the Nd distribution near continental margins, influenced by high atmospheric inputs and changing oxygen conditions. We show how vertical and lateral processes overlap to produce the observed Nd distribution, bringing us forward in understanding the Nd-paradox
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
(Table S2) Nd isotopic record of fossil this teeth from ODP Site 177-1090
No full textSediment depth is given in mcd
Onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current 30 million years ago as Tasmanian Gateway aligned with westerlies
No full textEarth’s mightiest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), regulates the exchange of heat and carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere, and influences vertical ocean structure, deep-water production and the global distribution of nutrients and chemical tracers. The eastward-flowing ACC occupies a unique circumglobal pathway in the Southern Ocean that was enabled by the tectonic opening of key oceanic gateways during the break-up of Gondwana (for example, by the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway, which connects the Indian and Pacific oceans). Although the ACC is a key component of Earth’s present and past climate system1, the timing of the appearance of diagnostic features of the ACC (for example, low zonal gradients in water-mass tracer fields) is poorly known and represents a fundamental gap in our understanding of Earth history. Here we show, using geophysically determined positions of continent–ocean boundaries, that the deep Tasmanian Gateway opened 33.5 ± 1.5 million years ago (the errors indicate uncertainty in the boundary positions). Following this opening, sediments from Indian and Pacific cores recorded Pacific-type neodymium isotope ratios, revealing deep westward flow equivalent to the present-day Antarctic Slope Current. We observe onset of the ACC at around 30 million years ago, when Southern Ocean neodymium isotopes record a permanent shift to modern Indian–Atlantic ratios. Our reconstructions of ocean circulation show that massive reorganization and homogenization of Southern Ocean water masses coincided with migration of the northern margin of the Tasmanian Gateway into the mid-latitude westerly wind band, which we reconstruct at 64° S, near to the northern margin. Onset of the ACC about 30 million years ago coincided with major changes in global ocean circulation and probably contributed to the lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that appear after this time
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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