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Rubble mound breakwaters for the new port of Ennore (India) - Evaluation of construction
No full textAt the east coast of India, 20 kilometres north of Chennai, a new satellite port has been designed and is currently under construction. The project is called the Ennore Coal Port Project. Complete design and supervision of the construction is carried out by HASKONING Consulting Engineers and Architects. The objective of this graduation project was to evaluate the construction processes of two major contracts of the port construction, viz. quarrying and transportation of rock and breakwater construction. Two rubble mound breakwaters were designed to withstand a wave height with a return period of hundred years with minimum damage. This resulted in a protection of a single layer Accropode blocks with a maxim weight of 15 tonnes at the deepest section of the northern breakwater. The southern breakwater is protected by natural rock with a maximum grading of 5-12 tonnes. The breakwaters are built by marine based methods (up to -4m Chart Datum) and by land based methods above this level. Rock for the breakwaters is quarried at Karikkal, a for this project developed quarry, situated 120 km west of Madras. The rock is sorted into various gradings and then loaded on especially for this purpose constructed skips. The skips are transported on trucks for the first 25 km to a transfer station. From there on the skips will be placed on trains, which transport the skips directly to a stockpile area at the port site. The empty skips are then transported back to Karikkal. A period of three and a half months of the graduation project was spent on the construction site in India. This period was mainly used to gather information to be worked out further in the Netherlands. Deviations in the construction process from earlier made assumptions were investigated. In the Netherlands an analyses of the effects of these deviations on the operational processes, time schedules and realised construction was done. The analyses shows that for the processes of quarrying and transportation of rock, as well as for the processes of breakwater construction, there are a number of deviations in the actual construction phase from earlier planned processes (such as: realignment of the north breakwater, use of equipment that is not the most suitable for the job and working without an approved work method statement). The main effect of the deviations are delays and difficulties during the production process itself (such as: necessity for resurveys and absence of a supervision tool). The deviations are further examined and some recommendations are given to the Client.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Need for monitoring and maintaining sustainable marine ecosystem services
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Increases in human population and their resource use have drastically intensified pressures on marine ecosystem services. The oceans have partly managed to buffer these multiple pressures, but every single area of the oceans is now affected to some degree by human activities. Chemical properties, biogeochemical cycles and food-webs have been altered with consequences for all marine living organisms. Knowledge on these pressures and associated responses mainly originate from analyses of a few long-term monitoring time series as well as spatially scattered data from various sources. Although the interpretation of these data can be improved by models, there is still a fundamental lack of information and knowledge if scientists are to predict more accurately the effects of human activities. Scientists provide expert advices to society about marine system governance, but such advices should rest on a solid base of observations. Nevertheless, many monitoring programs around the world are currently facing financial reduction. Marine ecosystem services are already overexploited in some areas and sustainable use of these services can only be devised on a solid scientific basis, which requires more observations than presently available
Fergusobia janetae Davies & Ye & Taylor & Scheffer & Bartholomaeus & Giblin-Davis 2018, n. sp.
No full textFergusobia janetae Davies n. sp. apud MSp 40 (Davies et al. 2012a) (Fig. 1) Measurements. Table 2. Material examined. Holotype: Parthenogenetic female, near Busselton, WA, Australia (33°38.62´S, 115°26.59´E). From roadside vegetation; unilocular galls on the blades of leaves of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith, collected J. Walker and K.A. Davies, 30.x.2000. On a slide with a paratype infective female and a male, deposited in the ANIC, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Paratypes: Vouchers (collection data as above) deposited at the WINC, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia, 8 parthenogenetic ♀ s and 6 Ƌs on slides numbered WINC 004288-89 (WNC 2209); at the Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA, Australia, 8 parthenogenetic ♀ s and 8 Ƌs on slides; and at the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA 1 parthenogenetic ♀ and 1 Ƌ on a slide. Fifteen parthenogenetic ♀ s, one preparasitic infective ♀ and 18 ♂ s examined. Description. Parthenogenetic female. Body straight to arcuate, spindle-shaped; relatively broad compared to length; of similar size to males; body narrows gradually from about one body diameter anterior to vulva to form a straight conoid tail (Fig. 1A). With light microscope, cuticle appears smooth, and longitudinal striae in sub-cuticle are clear. Lateral fields with seven incisures (Fig. 1K). Cephalic region 6–9 µm in diameter, ~75–80% diameter of body at anterior end, off-set, 1.5 – 3 µm high, unstriated, not annulated; rounded outline in lateral view, circum-oral area slightly raised (Fig. 1B). Scanning electron microscopy shows that there are 6 rounded ‘lips’, with the two lateral lips being slightly narrower than the other four, and sub-triangular, with large openings for the amphids (Fig. 1B). Stylet sturdy, with cone usually less than 50% length, basal knobs as high as wide, ~ 2 µm wide at base, rounded. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland ~ 1 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Anterior fusiform part of digestive tract not greatly expanded, occupying ~50–80% of body diameter; length 4.6 (3.7–6.0) times diameter (Fig. 1B). Valves apparently separating pharynx and intestine present 1–1.2 stylet lengths behind the stylet knobs, i.e. within the anterior fusiform part of digestive tract. Pharyngeal glands large, extending over intestine, occupying 57 (48–67)% of body diameter, distance from anterior end to end of glands being 20 (12–25)% of total body length. Intestinal lumen broadens from mid length to posterior of pharyngeal gland. Secretory/excretory pore opening posterior to pharyngeal gland; with non-refractile duct surrounded by prominent duct cell, secretory/excretory cell ellipsoid. Hemizonid positioned far anterior to pore, approximately at level of nucleus of dorsal gland cell. Reproductive tract variable in length, outstretched or flexed, extending part-way along dorsal pharyngeal gland or to nerve ring; oviduct with oocytes in pairs; uterus relatively long, extensile; about 30% of body length, containing 3 or more eggs; cells of quadricolumella prominent, smooth; vulva a simple slit. Anus a small pore. Tail conoid, straight, length 2–5 times anal body diameter, strongly annulated, narrowing gradually and equally to bluntly rounded tip (Figs 1A, G). Infective pre-parasitic female. The only specimen found was undergoing moult from J4 to adult stage (Fig. 1C). Infects mature larval stage or pupa of Fergusonina sp. Almost straight when relaxed by heat; maximum diameter at mid-body length, body narrows gradually behind vulva. Cuticle with inconspicuous annulations, clear longitudinal striae seen with light microscope; lateral fields not seen. Large nuclei present in body wall. Cephalic region ~ 90% diameter of body at anterior end, not offset, unstriated, ~ 8 µm in diameter, 2 µm high; circum-oral area flat. Stylet too weakly sclerotised to be observed. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland not seen. Anterior part of digestive tract not expanded, occupying ~60% of body diameter, length 5 times diameter. Pharyngeal gland extending over intestine, occupying 40% body diameter, distance from anterior end to posterior end of glands being 22% body length. Secretory/excretory pore opening near posterior end of pharyngeal glands; hemizonid not seen. Uterus not fully developed, containing no sperm; vagina angled towards anterior end, about one vulval body diameter in length and occupying almost full body width, ovoid in shape, surrounded by apparent strong musculature; reproductive tract extending ~30% of distance between vulva and nerve ring. Vulval lips tiny, flat; no vulval plate apparent. Tail straight, length ~4 times body diameter at anus, tip narrowly rounded (Fig. 1C). Male. Body an open C-shape when relaxed by heat, tail region relatively slender (Fig. 1D). Cuticle appears smooth when viewed with light microscope; longitudinal striae clearly apparent in sub-cuticle; lateral fields faint, 5 or 6 lines present. Cephalic region 80–90% of anterior body diameter, offset, 6–8 µm in diameter, 2–4 µm high; circum-oral area flat or barely raised. Stylet sturdy, with cone ~40% of length, basal knobs spheroid, ~2 µm wide (Fig. 1H). Anterior fusiform part of digestive tract slender, occupying ~20–40% of body diameter; length 5.1 (4.1–5.9) times diameter; lumen broadening posterior to gland nucleus. Valves apparently separating pharynx and intestine, situated ~1 stylet length behind stylet knobs. Pharyngeal glands extending over intestine, 59 (50–68)% of body diameter, distance from anterior end to end of glands being 24 (20–34)% of total body length. Secretory/excretory pore opens posterior to pharyngeal gland; duct non-refractile, surrounded by prominent duct cell; excretory cell not seen. Hemizonid extending over two annules, positioned anterior to secretory/excretory pore in region level with or anterior to pharyngeal gland nucleus. Reproductive tract with single testis, extending to nerve ring; usually outstretched and occasionally flexed; testis, seminal vesicle and vas deferens of shorter tracts not clearly differentiated (Fig. 1D). Spermatids not in columns. Bursa smooth, prominent in most specimens; arises 95–98 (mean 96%) of length of body anterior to tail tip (Fig. 1H). The bursa widens just anterior to the cloaca; unclear if it terminates just anterior to the tail tip or surrounds it (Fig. 1D). Spicules paired, more or less angular near mid-length, relatively slender; relatively strongly sclerotised; in some specimens manubrium clearly offset on dorsal edge, wider than shaft; blade narrows gradually to bluntly rounded tip and may have convex curve on proximal edge (Fig. 1L). Large glands on vas deferens, associated with cloaca. Tail straight to ventrally arcuate, sub-conoid, ~3–5 times as long as diameter at cloaca, narrowing gradually to bluntly rounded or angular tip (Fig. 1J). Diagnosis and relationships. Fergusobia janetae n. sp. is morphologically characterized by the combination of a large, almost straight, spindle-shaped parthenogenetic female with an extensile uterus and a narrow conoid tail; an arcuate, relatively broad, infective female with a conoid tail having a narrowly rounded tip; and an open Cshaped male with an arcuate to angular spicule and bursa arising near the level of the stylet knobs. Morphologically, F. janetae n. sp. is most similar to F. magna Siddiqi 1986 sensu Davies 2010 (in Davies et al. 2010b), F. indica (Jairajpuri, 1962) Siddiqi, 1986 and F. rileyi, and also has similarities with F. linariifolia Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014e) and F. pohutukawa Davies 2007 (in Taylor et al. 2007). Its status as a distinct species is corroborated by molecular data from sequencing of the relatively conserved 18S and 28S D2/D3 expansion segment. The parthenogenetic female of F. janetae n. sp. (a straight or arcuate spindle-shape when heat-fixed, with a long slender tail) differs from all described species of Fergusobia, except F. magna. Body length of the parthenogenetic female of F. janetae n. sp. overlaps with that of F. magna and F. indica (respectively, 514–723 vs 418–780 and 525–626 µm) and is larger than all other described species of Fergusobia. However, its straight to arcuate body separates female F. janetae n. sp. from F. magna which has a C-shaped parthenogenetic female. The presence of an extensile uterus in the parthenogenetic female of F. janetae n. sp. separates it from F. indica and also from F. cajuputiae Davies & Giblin-Davis, 2004, F. colbrani Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014a), F. dealbatae Davies & Giblin-Davis, 2004, F. delegatensae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013b), F. eugenioidae Davies 2012 (in Davies et al. 2012b), F. fisheri Davies & Lloyd, 1996, F. leucadendrae Davies & Giblin-Davis, 2004, F. nervosa Davies & Giblin-Davis, 2004, F. philippinensis Siddiqi, 1994, F. schmidti Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014c), F. quinquenerviae Davies & Giblin-Davis, 2004, F. rosettae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014d), F. rileyi Davies 2012 (in Davies et al. 2012a), F. sporangae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014d), F. tolgaensis Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014d), F. tumifaciens (Currie 1937) Wachek 1955 sensu Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014b), and F. decorae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014e), which lack extensile uteri. In having cuticle that does not swell upon fixation; it differs from F. linariifoliae and F. pohutukawa, and also from F. jambophila Siddiqi 1986, in which it does. Fergusobia janetae n. sp. is separated from F. rileyi by both body length and in having a longer tail (90 vs 40–50 µm). The only infective female of F. janetae n. sp. available for examination was moulting, and information about it is therefore limited. Its body length and stylet length are unlikely to accurately reflect that of mature individuals, i.e., cannot be used here as characters. Its arcuate shape differs from that of F. diversifoliae, F. fasciculosae Davies 2012 (in Davies et al. 2012b), F. gomphocephalae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014c), F. leucadendrae, F. nervosae, F. pimpamensis Davies 2013 (Davies et al. 2013b), F. philippinensis, F. rosettae, F. sporangae, F. tolgaensis Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014c), and F. viminalisae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014b) (open Cshape), and from F. eugenioidae, F. juliae Davies 2012 (in Davies et al. 2012b), F. morrisae Davies 2012 (in Davies et al. 2012b), F. pruinosae n. sp., F. ptychocarpae Davies 2008 (in Taylor & Davies 2008), F. tumifaciens, and F. viminalisae (J-shaped). It has a straight slender sub-conoid tail with a bluntly rounded tip, separating it from F. brittenae Davies 2010 (in Taylor & Davies 2010), F. cajuputiae, F. curriei Fisher & Nickle 1968, F. leptospermum Davies 2017 (in Davies et al. 2017), F. leucadendrae, F. minimus Lisnawita (in Davies et al., 2013b), F. nervosae, F. pauciflorae n. sp., F. quinquenerviae, F. tolgaensis (with broadly rounded tips); F. eugenioidae, F. juliae, F. linariifoliae, F. morrisae, F. porosae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013a), F. pruinosae n. sp., F. ptychocarpae, F. tumifaciens, F. viminalisae, F. viridiflorae Davies & Giblin-Davis 2004 (with J–shaped tails); F. armillarisae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014), F. brevicauda Siddiqi 1994, F. camaldulensae, F. colbrani, F. cosmophyllae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013b), F. dealbatae, F. decorae, F. delegatensae, F. diversifoliae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013b), F. fasciculosae, F. fisheri, F. floribundae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013b), F. gomphocephalae, F. leucoxylonae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014c), F. microcarpae Davies 2013 (in Davies et al. 2013a), F. obliquae n. sp., F. pimpamensis, F. planchonianae Davies 2014 (in Davies et al. 2014b), F. robustae n. sp., F. rosettae, F. schmidti, F. sporangae (with sub-hemispherical tips); and from F. philippinensis (with a truncate tip). The infective female of F. janetae n. sp. has a more posterior vulva than that of F. magna (V% 65–72 vs 51–62). In length (639–750 µm), the male of F. janetae n. sp. is larger than all described species of Fergusobia. The shape of the tail (slender, arcuate with a bluntly rounded tip, long) is similar to that of F. magna and F. rileyi, but differs in being longer (82–111 vs 54–87 and 58–70 µm, respectively) and is slimmer than in F. magna (respectively, c’ ratio 3.3–4.8 vs 2.0–3.3). In length (9–11 µm), the stylet is similar to that of most described species, but longer than in F. minimus (4–7 µm). Spicule length (23–27 µm) is smaller than in F. magna (30–36 µm); but overlaps with or is longer than in other described species of Fergusobia. The shape of the spicules in F. janetae n. sp. (more or less angular) differs from those of F. jambophila, F. pimpamensis, F. rosettae, and F. decorae, in which it is clearly arcuate. In the male of F. janetae n. sp., the bursa extends over>90% of the body length, longer than in most Fergusobia spp., except for F. leptospermum (99%), F. linariifolia (90%), F. pohutukawa (99%), F. rileyi (90–95%) and F. viridiflorae (90%). Etymology. Named for the late Janet Walker, who directed the first author to the new species described here, in gratitude for her help with collecting, and happy memories of her zest for life, humour and patience.Published as part of Davies, Kerrie A., Ye, Weimin, Taylor, Gary S., Scheffer, Sonja, Bartholomaeus, F. & Giblin-Davis, Robin M., 2018, Nematodes from galls on Myrtaceae. XI. Descriptions of five new species of Fergusobia from Australia, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 4399 (1) on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/120640
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Susceptibility genes for complex epilepsy
No full textCopyright © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.Common idiopathic epilepsies are, clinically and genetically, a heterogeneous group of complex seizure disorders. Seizures arise from periodic neuronal hyperexcitability of unknown cause. The genetic component is mostly polygenic, where each susceptibility gene in any given individual is likely to represent a small component of the total heritability. Two susceptibility genes have been so far identified, where genetic variation is associated with experimentally demonstrated changes in ion channel properties, consistent with seizure susceptibility. Rare variants and a polymorphic allele of the T-type calcium channel CACNA1H and a polymorphic allele and a rare variant of the GABA(A) receptor delta subunit gene have differential functional effects. We speculate that these and other as yet undiscovered susceptibility genes for complex epilepsy could act as 'modifier' loci, affecting penetrance and expressivity of the mutations of large effect in those 'monogenic' epilepsies with simple inheritance that segregate through large families. Discovery of epilepsy-associated ion channel defects in these rare families has opened the door to the discovery of the first two susceptibility genes in epilepsies with complex genetics. The susceptibility genes so far detected are not commonly involved in complex epilepsy suggesting the likelihood of considerable underlying polygenic heterogeneity.John C. Mulley, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Louise A. Harkin, Samuel F. Berkovic and Leanne M. Dibben
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