1,725,515 research outputs found
Eine Goethe-Medaille / von Anton Scharff
Get PDFEINE GOETHE-MEDAILLE / VON ANTON SCHARFF
Eine Goethe-Medaille / von Anton Scharff (1)
Illustration: Eine Goethe-Medaille von Anton Scharff. (1
Eliciting human intelligence: A conceptualization and empirical testing of the Scharff technique
No full textThis thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. A novel experimental set-up (as well as new dependent measures) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of different human intelligence gathering techniques. Participants were given information about a planned terrorist attack, asked to take on the role of “sources”, and instructed to be semi-cooperative in a subsequent interview.
In Study I (N = 60), interviews were conducted over the phone. The Scharff technique (conceptualized to include five tactics) was compared to the direct approach (a combination of open-ended and specific questions). The Scharff technique resulted in relatively more new information and led sources to underestimate how much new information they revealed. With the Direct Approach, sources overestimated how much new information they revealed.
In Study II (N = 119), interacting parties met face-to-face and the sources were allowed to lie. Two versions of the Scharff technique were compared to the direct approach. The Scharff confirmation technique made use of claims that included the correct alternative while the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique made use of a mix of correct and incorrect claims. The Scharff confirmation technique resulted in more new information than the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique and the direct approach. Sources interviewed using the Scharff techniques had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives and underestimated their contribution of new information. Sources interviewed using the direct approach overestimated how much new information they revealed.
In Study III (N = 200) the interview techniques were used with four different types of sources varying in both their levels of cooperation and capability to provide information as follows: (a) less willing/less able, (b) less willing/more able, (c) more willing, less able, and (d) more willing/more able. The Scharff technique was compared to the direct approach. Overall, the Scharff technique resulted in relatively more new information, particularly when interviewing less cooperative sources. Furthermore, sources interviewed using the Scharff technique had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives and consistently underestimated their contribution of new information.
This thesis provides a psychological framework for and a conceptualization of the Scharff technique. Furthermore, the thesis introduces an experimental set-up mirroring a human intelligence interaction and offers a new set of dependent measures for mapping the efficacy of intelligence gathering techniques. In sum, this thesis provides support for the Scharff technique as an effective tool for eliciting information from human sources
La Libération de l'Est de la France : le département de la Moselle / Just Scharff
No full textContient une table des matièresAvec mode text
Doktor Faust : Volksschauspiel in drei Aufzügen und einem Vorspiel : unter Zugrundelegung von K. Simrocks Fassung nach alten Puppenspielen und Liedern für die Bühne bearbeitet / von Erich Scharff
Get PDFDOKTOR FAUST : VOLKSSCHAUSPIEL IN DREI AUFZÜGEN UND EINEM VORSPIEL : UNTER ZUGRUNDELEGUNG VON K. SIMROCKS FASSUNG NACH ALTEN PUPPENSPIELEN UND LIEDERN FÜR DIE BÜHNE BEARBEITET / VON ERICH SCHARFF
Doktor Faust : Volksschauspiel in drei Aufzügen und einem Vorspiel : unter Zugrundelegung von K. Simrocks Fassung nach alten Puppenspielen und Liedern für die Bühne bearbeitet / von Erich Scharff (1)
Cover (3)
Titelseite (5)
Gestalten (7)
Vorspiel (9)
Erster Aufzug. Doktor Fausts Studirzimmer (11)
Zweiter Aufzug. Garten vor dem herzoglichen Palast zu Parma (29)
Dritter Aufzug. Straße in Mainz (42)
Nachwort (53
Laetesia raveni Hormiga & Scharff, 2014, new species
No full text<i>Laetesia raveni</i> new species <p>Figs. 1–6</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> <i>Holotype</i>. AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Lamington National Park, Binna Burra section, Border track, 28°12’14.6”S, 153°11’26.8”E, 24.iv. 2011, 850 m a.s.l., general collection, day, rainforest, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg., 1M (QM). <i>Paratype</i>. AUSTRALIA: Same data, together with male holotype, 1F (QM).</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined.</b> AUSTRALIA: <b>New South Wales:</b> Dorrigo National Park, Dorrigo Rainforest Centre, along Wonga walk, 30°22’ 3.5”S, 152°43’42.4”E, 19.iii. 2010, 758 m a.s.l., general collection, night, rainforest, 9FF, 2Juv, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg. (CAS); Border Ranges National Park, Brindle Creek Road, 28°22’42.2”S, 153°04’09.4”E, 22–23.iii. 2010, 713 m a.s.l., general collection, night, rainforest, 2FF, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg. (GWU, MCZ). <b>Queensland:</b> Lamington National Park, Binna Burra section, 28°12’11”S, 153°11’20”E, 18.iv. 2002, 910 m a.s.l., general collecting, day, rainforest, 2FF, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner & F. Alvarez leg. (AMNH); Lamington National Park, Binna Burra section, Border track, 28°12’14.6”S, 153°11’26.8”E, 24.iv. 2011, 850 m a.s.l., general collection, day, rainforest, 11FF, 1M, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg. (ZMUC); Lamington National Park, Binna Burra section, Border track, 28°12’14.6”S, 153°11’27.1”E, 24.iv. 2011, 847 m a.s.l., general collection, day, rainforest, 14FF, 1M, 2Juv, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg. (QM, MCZ, CAS); Lamington National Park, Green Mountains, Border track, 28°14’04.2”S, 153°8’31.1”E, 22.iv. 2011, 896 m a.s.l., general collecting, night, rainforest, 2FF, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff leg. (MCZ).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species epithet is a patronym in honour of our colleague Dr. Robert Raven, of the Queensland Museum (Brisbane), who over the years has offered us unconditional help and support for our research on Australian spiders.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Males of <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b> can be differentiated from other species described in this genus by their long, setiform and highly sclerotized apophysis of the lamella characteristica. Females are separated by the broad dorsal plate of the epigynum and by the two small digitiform lobes on the ventral plate (although there is intraspecific variation in the size of these lobes, and in some specimens the lobes are hardly visible or even absent). The bright green colour of <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b> might be diagnostic as to our knowledge no other linyphiid species has been reported to be green, although the green coloration fades quickly in ethanol.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male holotype</i> (from Lamington National Park, Binna Burra Section, 24.iv.2011): Total length 3.40. Cephalothorax 1.60 long, 1.24 wide. Sternum 0.78 long, 0.79 wide, shield-shaped. Abdomen 2.00 long, 0.95 wide. Colour (preserved specimen): Cephalothorax, legs and abdomen yellowish white. Carapace with broad blackish margin, also surrounding cephalon. Black rings around eyes. Fovea with black Y-shaped marking. Abdomen with irregular black and white dorsal markings (Figs. 1 A–E). Legs with distinct black annulations distally on tibiae and metatarsi (Fig. 1 E). AME diameter 0.09. Clypeus height 4 times AME diameter. Cephalon with long strong setae in ocular area (Fig. 4 C). Chelicerae with 4 prolateral teeth, the second distal-most with dorso-ventral fork. Chelicerae without stridulating file. Retrolateral teeth not visible on type specimen, but a subadult male from Dorrigo National Park had 3 on the right chelicera and 4 on the left. Femur I 2.84 long, 1.78 times length of cephalothorax. All femora with long strong setae ventrally and shorter strong proximal setae dorsally. Ventral setae several times longer than diameter of femora. Leg formula 1243. Trichobothrium metatarsus I = 0.18. Pedipalp (Figs. 2, 3 A): Tibia unmodified, with a long dorsal macroseta and one dorsal and two retrolateral trichobothria. Cymbium dorsally widest at the basal third, gradually tapering towards a blunt apex. Alveolus occupying the basal half of cymbium. Tarsal organ apicoventral. Paracymbium intersegmental, U-shaped, with broad base, tapering distally into a pointed apex. Tegular division with a pointed caudal apophysis (which in mesoventral view sits over the base of the suprategulum; Fig. 3 A) and an anteriorly projected apical lobe with a sack-like membranous process that is more sclerotized in its acutely pointed apex (Figs. 2 B and 3A, left pointing arrow). Suprategulum projected into a long distal suprategular apophysis (DSA), with a slightly bifurcating pointed apex (Figs. 2 B–C). Column in caudal position on the tegular division, bearing a long, membranous embolic membrane that in mesal view runs parallel to the DSA and the embolus (Figs. 2 B–C). Lamella characteristica massive, about the same length of cymbium, highly sclerotized and with two apical processes: a conspicuous setiform sclerotized apophysis and two processes with highly serrated margins (one membranous, the other sclerotized; Fig. 2 C, left pointing arrow). Embolus arm-shaped, running parallel to the DSA and embolic membrane (Fig. 2 C). Radix a slight engrossment of the embolus base, concealed under the lamella characteristica. A slightly sclerotized sclerite, with a linguiform process, sits anteriad to the embolus base (possibly a homolog of the terminal apophysis; Fig. 2 C). Spermduct with a kinked diameter constriction on dorsal tegular region (in mesoventral view the narrowing of the duct can be seen under the column; Fig. 3 A).</p> <p> <i>Female paratype</i> (together with holotype): Total length 5.27. Cephalothorax 1.98 long, 1.44 wide. Sternum 1.04 long, 0.98 wide, shield-shaped. Abdomen 3.32 long, 1.79 wide. Colour (preserved specimen): As male holotype. AME diameter 0.08. Clypeus height 0.42, 5.25 times AME diameter. Chelicerae with 3 prolateral and 4 retrolateral teeth. Chelicerae without stridulating file. Femur I 3.59 long, 1.81 times length of cephalothorax. All femora with long strong setae ventrally and shorter strong proximal setae dorsally. Ventral setae several times longer than diameter of femora. Leg formula 1243. Pedipalp long and slender (1.4 times the length of cephalothorax) and provided with long spines on tibia and tarsus. Trichobothrium metatarsus I = 0.17. Epigynum (Figs. 3 B–D, 4A–B): Epigynal region bulging in lateral view. Dorsal plate broad, with a sclerotized basal stalk on midventral surface, projected into a long scape bearing an apicoventral socket with darker pigmentation. Posterior margin of ventral plate (VP) cleaved, forming two semicircular lobes. Atrium flanked by two small digitiform processes on VP, caudally oriented. Copulatory openings in mid epigynal region, at the base of the dorsal plate (DP) stalk, in atrium (under VP). Copulatory ducts (CD) make long loops towards the lateral margins. Spermathecae darkly pigmented, curved as an extension of CD, visible by transparency through the epigynal cuticle on both sides of the VP lobes. Fertilization duct located dorsally at the DP margin, caudolaterally oriented (Fig. 3 C), then curving anteriad. Tracheae (Binna Burra, 2010 specimens) can be seen in life specimens by transparency through the abdominal cuticle. The tracheal trunks are very superficial, consisting of two simple, unbranched pairs (haplotracheate system). Lateral pair seen as thin white lines running anteriorly from atrium and then dorsally on abdomen; median pair can be seen too, not as superficial as lateral.</p> <p> <b>Life coloration.</b> Female (Figs. 1 A–E): Carapace green, margins dark green (wider marks in posterior half), cephalic region darker, Y-shaped, extending into fovea. Black rings around eyes. Sternum uniformly green. All leg segments translucent light green; leg tibiae and metatarsi darker, more brownish, distally suffused with dark/ blackish pigment. Abdomen bright green, with a longitudinal median band, brown and black with a few yellow marks, delineated by white guanine spots. Ventrally uniformly green, with dark brown spots in front of epigastric furrow (copulatory ducts and spermatheca). Males (n = 3) of similar colour, green tint not as bright as in females.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Colour (in preserved specimens): Blackish markings on carapace vary from a faint band along carapace margin to almost total coverage in certain individuals. Dorsal abdominal markings may be more or less pronounced and some female individuals are a little darker, overall. Epigynum: Lateral digitiform processes on VP vary in length, even in specimens from same locality, and can be absent. Measurements: Male total length ranges from 3.37 to 3.40 (n = 2). Female total length varies from 3.36 to 5.27 (n = 20). Male cephalothorax ranges from 1.57 to 1.60 (n = 3). Female cephalothorax length ranges from 1.31 to 1.98 (n = 20).</p> <p> <b>Phylogenetic placement.</b> No explicitly phylogenetic (i.e., synapomorphy based) circumscription exists for the genus <i>Laetesia</i>. Simon (1908) originally described <i>Laetesia</i> to group two new species from Western Australia. Van Helsdingen (1972) provided the first modern definition of the genus, based on overall similarity. Millidge (1988) similarly defined the genus upon further study of the New Zealand fauna. The morphology of <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b> suggests that it is congeneric with <i>L. mollita</i>, the type species. We hypothesize here two potential synapomorphies of <i>Laetesia</i>: the distally forked distal suprategular apophysis and the long, straight and narrow embolic membrane, both traits being shared by all the <i>Laetesia</i> species illustrated by van Helsdingen (1972) and Millidge (1988). Other distinctive characters of <i>Laetesia</i> may be symplesiomorphic, e.g., the presence of two latero-ventral scapes or processes in <i>Laetesia</i> species is also shared by several <i>Dunedinia</i> species (e.g., <i>D. denticulata</i> Millidge 1988: fig. 203). The membranous and apically pointed tegular process of some <i>Laetesia</i> species (e.g., <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, Fig. 3 A, left pointing arrow; <i>L. aucklandensis</i> (Forster), Millidge 1988: fig. 146) is also found in some <i>Laperousea</i> (e.g., <i>Laperousea cupidinea</i> (Simon), van Helsdingen 1972: fig. 5) and <i>Diploplecta</i> species (e.g., <i>D. communis</i> Millidge 1988: fig. 221).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Eastern Australia. Known from Dorrigo National Park and Border Ranges National Park in north eastern New South Wales and Lamington National Park in south eastern Queensland.</p> <p> <b>Natural history.</b> <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b> builds dome-shaped sheet webs on vegetation (Figs. 5, 6). The spider sits upside-down under the apex of the dome, under a leaf that is usually positioned at the centre of the sheet. All webs have relatively dense upper scaffolding, although the density of silk lines in this mesh is variable. An eggsac, presumably of this species, was observed attached under a leaflet at edge of web (photos GH 2823–2828 / 19.iii.2010; Fig. 5 B, F). When disturbed, the spider flattens the body against the leaf surface. In two webs we have observed early instars with the adult female. Except in two cases, the webs of all the 48 specimens of <i>Laetesia raveni</i> <b>n. sp.</b> that we have collected were built exclusively on two plant species (both of them distinctively thorny): wait-a-while vines, also commonly known as southern lawyer cane (<i>Calamus muelleri</i> Wendland, Arecaceae; Figs. 5 A–B, E–F, 6) or on Gin's Whiskers (<i>Solanum inaequilaterum</i> Domin, Solanaceae; Figs. 5 C–D). Most webs were found in the first plant species. Only in two instances, in Binna Burra (Lamington National Park), were their webs built on other plant species, and in these two latter cases these plants were adjacent (in physical contact) to one of these two aforementioned species.</p>Published as part of <i>Hormiga, Gustavo & Scharff, Nikolaj, 2014, The strange case of Laetesia raveni n. sp., a green linyphiid spider from Eastern Australia with a preference for thorny plants (Araneae, Linyphiidae), pp. 83-94 in Zootaxa 3811 (1)</i> on pages 84-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/286204">http://zenodo.org/record/286204</a>
Labulla machadoi Hormiga & Scharff 2005
No full text<i>Labulla machadoi</i> Hormiga & Scharff, 2005 <p> <b>Description:</b> Hormiga & Scharff (2005: 396, figs 1E–F, 3F, 11A–C, 12A–D, 13A–C, 20E–F, 22A–D, G, 23A–F).</p> <p> <b>Previous records:</b> Braga: Peneda-Gerês NP, Terras de Bouro, Mata da Albergaria (Cardoso <i>et al</i>. 2008b); Vila Nova de Famalicão, Joane (Hormiga & Scharff 2005). Porto: Amarante (Hormiga & Scharff 2005); Porto (Hormiga & Scharff 2005). Viana do Castelo: Paredes de Coura (Hormiga & Scharff 2005).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> Only known from the north west of Portugal.</p> <p> <b>Habitat type:</b> Probably prefers <i>Quercus</i> forests, building its web on the tree trunks.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:</b> Adult males were found in October and December, adult females in March, June, August and October (Hormiga & Scharff 2005; Cardoso <i>et al</i>. 2008b), suggesting that males are adult in autumn and winter and females occur throughout the year.</p>Published as part of <i>Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Crespo, Luis Carlos, 2010, A review of the linyphiid spiders of Portugal, with the description of six new species (Araneae: Linyphiidae) 2473, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 2473 (1)</i> on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2473.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094179">http://zenodo.org/record/10094179</a>
The Scharff technique
No full textDuring World War II, Hanns Joachim Scharff worked for the German Luftwaffe. He was an interrogator at a camp outside Frankfurt that held captured Allied airmen. Hanns Scharff has a mythical status within the military and intelligence community, but his approach to interrogation is often misunderstood and always sketchily described. In this chapter, I explain the basic components of Scharff’s approach to elicitation and I summarize the empirical research that has been done on his technique
Training handlers in the Scharff technique
No full textIn previous research the Scharff technique has consistently outperformed the Direct Approach for gathering intelligence from human sources (Granhag, Kleinman, & Oleszkiewicz, 2016). However, little is known about the extent to which the same technique can be taught to practitioners in the field, and how the performance of Scharff trained interviewers compare against interviewers using their conventional approaches and tactics. For the current study we examined professional handlers from the Norwegian Police (N = 64), all experienced in interacting with informants. Half received training in the Scharff technique and their performance was then compared against handlers receiving no Scharff training (and free to use the approaches and tactics they saw fit). All handlers received the same case-file describing a source holding some information about a future terrorist attack, and all were given the same interview objectives. Police trainees took on the role of semi-cooperative sources and were given incomplete information about the attack. The results showed that the trained handlers adhered to the Scharff training as they (a) aimed to establish the illusion of ‘knowing-it-all’, (b) posed claims to collect information and (c) asked very few (if any) explicit questions. Importantly, the untrained interviewers did not use these tactics, instead they prioritized to try to evoke the sources’ motivation to reveal information. As predicted, Scharff trained interviewers collected comparatively more new information, and were perceived to be less eager to gather information. These findings capture the essence of the Scharff technique; it is subtle and effective
Eliciting information using the Scharff technique
No full textThis lecture gives a background to the Scharff- technique and the specific tactics are presented and discussed. In addition, past emprical research on the Scharff-technique is summarized
- …
