326,538 research outputs found
Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional Minas cheeses: the cases of artisanal semi-hard and fresh soft cheeses
No full textThis study estimated the risk of listeriosis from Brazilian cheese consumption using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Risks associated to consumption of two cheese types were assessed: artisanal ripened semi-hard cheese (produced with raw milk) and refrigerated fresh soft cheese (produced with pasteurized milk). The semi-hard cheese model predicted Listeria monocytogenes growth or decline during ripening, while the soft cheese model predicted pathogen growth during refrigerated storage. Semi-hard cheese modeling scenarios considered L. monocytogenes starting concentration from -2.4 to 6 log CFU/mL in raw milk and three ripening times (4, 22 and 60 days). Soft cheese modeling scenarios considered L. monocytogenes starting concentration from -2.4 to 4 log CFU/mL in milk. The inclusion of anti-listerial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in cheeses was also examined. Risk of listeriosis due to consumption of soft cheese was 6,000 and 190 times greater than that of semi-hard cheese, for general and vulnerable populations, respectively. Aging semi-hard cheese reduced risk, and risk was influenced by L. monocytogenes starting concentration. Aging cheese with inhibitory LAB for 22 days reduced risk over 4 million-fold when L. monocytogenes was assumed to be 6 log CFU/mL in raw milk. The inclusion of inhibitory LAB also reduced risk of listeriosis due to soft cheese consumption, but not as much as for semi-hard cheese. QMRA results predicted that consumption of contaminated cheeses can carry a high risk of listeriosis, especially for vulnerable populations. Scenario analyses indicated that aging of semi-hard cheese and inclusion of antimicrobial LAB mix in semi-hard and soft cheeses are effective risk mitigation measures.Peer reviewe
Quantifying the Effect of Water Temperature, Soap Volume, Lather Time, and Antimicrobial Soap as a Factor in the Removal of Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 from Hands
No full textThe handwashing literature, while extensive, often contains conflicting data and key variables are understudied or not studied at all. Some handwashing recommendations are made without scientific support, and there is limited agreement between recommendations. The influence of key variables including soap volume, lather time, water temperature, and product formulation on hand wash efficacy was investigated. Baseline conditions were 1 mL of a bland (nonantimicrobial) soap, a 5 s lather time, and 38 °C (100 °F) water temperature. A nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 served as the challenge microorganism. Twenty volunteers (10 men, 10 women) participated in the study and each test condition had 20 replicates. An antimicrobial soap formulation (1% chloroxylenol, or PCMX) was not significantly different from the bland soap at removing E. coli under a variety of test conditions. Overall, the antimicrobial soap used in this study had a mean 1.94 log CFU reduction (range 1.83 to 2.10 mean log reduction), and bland soap had a mean 2.22 log CFU reduction (range 1.91 to 2.54 mean log CFU reduction). Overall, lather time did significantly influence efficacy in one scenario, in which a 0.5 greater log reduction was observed for a 20 s with bland soap compared to the baseline wash (P=0.020). Water temperature as high as 38°C (100°F) vs. a low of 15°C (60°F) did not have a significant effect on the reduction of bacteria during hand washing, however this resulted in an energy usage difference between the temperatures. No significant differences were observed between mean log reductions of men and women (men= 2.08 mean log reduction, women=2.08 mean log reduction, P=0.988). A large part of the variability in the data observed was between the volunteers. Understanding what behaviors and human factors influence hand washes the most may help future studies find which techniques can optimize the effectiveness of a hand wash.Peer reviewe
Eccritotarsus corcovadensis Carvalho and Schaffner
No full textEccritotarsus corcovadensis Carvalho and Schaffner (Fig. 22) Eccritotarsus corcovadensis Carvalho and Schaffner, 1986: 309 (orig. descrip.). Diagnosis. Color uniformly yellowish white; hemelytra white, hyaline; membrane clear. Length 4.22 mm. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (Carvalho and Schaffner, 1986). Minas Gerais represents a new Brazilian state record. Minas Gerais specimens examined. 2 ɗɗ, Viçosa, 13 Sept. 1986, 5 Mar. 1987, P. S. Fiuza Ferreira (UFVB).Published as part of Ferreira, Paulo Sergio Fiuza & Henry, Thomas J., 2011, Synopsis and keys to the tribes, genera, and species of Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minas Gerais, Brazil Part I: Bryocorinae, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2920 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27791
Eccritotarsus curtipilis Carvalho & Schaffner 1986
No full textEccritotarsus curtipilis Carvalho & Schaffner, 1986 (Fig. 14) Eccritotarsus curtipilis Carvalho & Schaffner, 1986a: 310 (original description). Material examined. COLOMBIA. Risaralda: 1 ♂, SFF Otún Quimbaya, Urapanera, 1960 m, 4º44’N, 75º35’W, Malaise trap, 08–28.v.2003 (G. López) (IAVH-E-164652). Diagnosis. Body black and white. Head in dorsal view, antennal segments I (except base) and II, propleural areas anterior and posterior to the coxal cleft, xyphus and apex of cuneus black. Clavus dark brown to black; lateral margin with small median white spot. Corium with an irregular spot extending to the clavus or both clavus and embolium. Embolium with lateral margin predominantly black. Body length 3.48 mm. Associated/host plants. Unknown. Distribution. Colombia (Cundinamarca) (Carvalho & Schaffner 1986a); new department record: Risaralda. Comments. The median white spot on the lateral margin of clavus is important for this species identification and requires careful examination due to its small size.Published as part of Alvarez-Zapata, Alejandra, Ferreira, Paulo S. F. & Serna, Francisco, 2022, A taxonomic synopsis of the Eccritotarsini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Bryocorinae) of Colombia, pp. 101-151 in Zootaxa 5178 (2) on page 122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/702216
History and Philosophy of Gene Environment Interaction
No full textDr. Kenneth Schaffner gave a brief introduction to the symposium topics. He began with a history of the thinking on gene-environment interactions and described the ensuing controversies. He cited the lack of a consensus theory of the environment and then described some methodological and technological advances in the studies of gene-environment interactions.

To watch Dr. Schaffner’s presentation, please see the Panel 1 "Google Video posting.":http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3097337289947323438&hl=e
Kinder des Schicksals : Roman
No full textJakob Schaffner[Angaben auf S. 4:] Entwurf des Einbandes von Herbert Hauschild in Leipzig [...] Die lyrischen Zitate stammen von Oskar Loerk
Jornandes rileyi Schaffner & Schwartz 2008, new species
No full textJornandes rileyi, new species Figures 3, 10A, 30 HOLOTYPE: ♀, MEXICO: Baja California Sur: 14.4 mi E on Ramal a Los Naranjo [23.25661 ° N 109.91648 ° W, 1101 m], IX-16- 88, E. G. Riley, black light (AMNH _ PBI 00184928). Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. DIAGNOSIS: Recognized by body, including antennae and legs, shining reddish fuscous to black except for pale band extending across posterior margin of pronotum (fig. 3); frons rounded; vertex clearly wider than length of antennal segment I; labium reaching mesocoxa or slightly beyond; width of pronotum greater than length of antennal segment II; robust with costal margins of hemelytron curved; metepisternum dorsal to evaporative area of scent gland with microtrichia. DESCRIPTION: Male: COLORATION: Generally dark reddish fuscous to black with posterior margin of pronotum almost white. Corium appearing brown in translucent areas but dark fuscous or black as seen from side. Underside, antennae, labium, and legs reddish fuscous to black. VESTITURE: Head, pronotum, and corium shining with widely scattered, short, inconspicuous, darkcolored setae; setae on antennal segments II– IV semierect and not significantly longer than diameter of respective segments; decumbent setae on underside of abdomen denser and longer. GENITALIA (fig. 30): Genital segment with single small, pointed tergal process projecting from midline of dorsal margin of aperture; ventroposterior margin of capsule flangelike with medial cleft, distal width of subgenital plate narrow, projecting strongly dorsal to aperture of capsule. Left paramere C-shaped in dorsal view; without sensory lobe; diameter of paramere gradually expanded distally to mittenlike apex. Right paramere larger than left paramere; with long, narrow, strongly attenuate sensory lobe and paramere body, apices minutely serrate. Phallotheca elongate, cone shaped, equal to length of spiculum; aperture wide, open on right side, dorsal margin, and apex. Vesica with one long, medially thickened spiculum, situated on dorsal surface of ductus seminis; apical region of spiculum recurved, attenuate, strongly serrate, distal region almost 1/3 length of spiculum; base of spiculum with large process reaching to 1/2 length of main body of spiculum more distal to smaller flattened rectangular basal process. Females: Slightly larger than males; color and vestiture as for male. MEASUREMENTS: Male (n 5 2): Length, 2.40 and 2.70; width, 1.30 and 1.56. Head length, 0.24 and 0.26; width, 0.72 and 0.80; vertex width, 0.36 and 0.38. Length of antennal segment I, 0.24 (remaining segments missing). Pronotal length, 0.56 and 0.68; width across base, 1.10 and 1.30. Cuneal length, 0.48 and 0.52; width across base, 0.48 and 0.50. (AMNH_PBI 00118211); scale 5 0.20 mm. Female (n 5 4; those of holotype given first followed in parentheses by average and range): Length, 2.64 (2.74, 2.64–2.80); width, 1.80 (all). Head length, 0.24 (0.24, 0.20–0.25); width; 0.84 (0.83, 0.80–0.84); vertex width, 0.42 (0.42, 0.40–0.42). Length of antennal segment I, 0.28 (0.24, 0.22–0.28); II, 0.84 (single paratype, 0.80); III, 0.54 (holotype only); IV, missing. Pronotal length 0.80 (0.76, 0.64–0.80); width across base, 1.36 (1.34, 1.30–1.38). Cuneal length, 0.54, 0.54, 0.50– 0.58); width across base, 0.50 (0.50, 0.48– 0.50). DISCUSSION: The unique color pattern distinguishes this species from all others of the genus. The reddish fuscous to black pronotum has a whitish broad band along the posterior margin. Curiously, the same distinctive color pattern is exhibited by some specimens of Scalponotatus albibasis (Knight), which occurs in southwestern U. S. and northwestern Mexico. The typical Jornandes type of sculpturing is easily seen, whereas S. albibasis has a roughened dorsum. All specimens were collected into alcohol at light. No setae were present on the hemelytral membrane. This is the only known species of Jornandes occurring in Baja California Sur. A female was selected as holotype because it was better preserved than any of the three available males. HOST PLANT: Unknown. ETYMOLOGY: Named for E. G. Riley from Texas A&M University who collected all the specimens of this species. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type series from Baja California Sur (fig. 10A). PARATYPES: MEXICO: Baja California Sur: 14.4 mi E on Ramal a Los Naranjos, 23.25661 ° N 109.91648 ° W, 1101 m, 16 Sep 1988, E. G. Riley, black light, 1♀ (AMNH_ PBI 00119110), 13 (AMNH_PBI 00118211) (CNC). 13 (AMNH_PBI 00094301), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00094302), 13 (AMNH_PBI 00184787), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00184788, AMNH_ PBI 00184789) (TAMU).Published as part of Schaffner, JC & Schwartz, MD, 2008, Revision Of The Mexican Genera Ficinus Distant And Jornandes Distant With The Description Of 21 New Species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae: Orthotylini), pp. 1-87 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2008 (309) on pages 64-6
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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